低雷诺数下高亚声速压气机叶型流动损失机理研究

以高亚声速压气机叶型为研究对象,利用数值模拟手段研究了不同雷诺数Re条件下叶片近壁面分离泡结构和边界层发展的内在关联,基于Denton损失模型,揭示了低Re下压气机叶型性能退化内因;在此基础上,通过叶型改型设计,获得两种不同载荷分布的新叶型,对比分析了载荷分布对分离泡结构和叶型流动损失的影响。结果表明,Re从1.2×10~6降低到1.5×10~5时,吸力面分离泡长度增加11.2%轴向弦长,此时叶型边界层损失略有增加,而叶型尾迹损失增加接近150%,分离泡强烈的"位移效应"导致尾迹损失急剧增加是低Re下压气机叶型性能退化的主要原因;采用前加载叶型能够促使转捩提前发生,同时降低流向逆压梯度,有效抑制分离泡的形成和发展,改善低Re条件下高亚声速压气机叶型的气动性能。     

Efficient aerodynamic shape optimization using variable-fidelity surrogate models and multilevel computational grids

A variable-fidelity method can remarkably improve the efficiency of a design optimization based on a high-fidelity and expensive numerical simulation, with assistance of lower-fidelity and cheaper simulation(s). However, most existing works only incorporate “two” levels of fidelity, and thus efficiency improvement is very limited. In order to reduce the number of high-fidelity simulations as many as possible, there is a strong need to extend it to three or more fidelities. This article proposes a novel variable-fidelity optimization approach with application to aerodynamic design. Its key ingredient is the theory and algorithm of a Multi-level Hierarchical Kriging (MHK), which is referred to as a surrogate model that can incorporate simulation data with arbitrary levels of fidelity. The high-fidelity model is defined as a CFD simulation using a fine grid and the lower-fidelity models are defined as the same CFD model but with coarser grids, which are determined through a grid convergence study. First, sampling shapes are selected for each level of fidelity via technique of Design of Experiments (DoE). Then, CFD simulations are conducted and the output data of varying fidelity is used to build initial MHK models for objective (e.g. C_D) and constraint (e.g. C_L, C_m) functions. Next, new samples are selected through infill-sampling criteria and the surrogate models are repetitively updated until a global optimum is found. The proposed method is validated by analytical test cases and applied to aerodynamic shape optimization of a NACA0012 airfoil and an ONERA M6 wing in transonic flows. The results confirm that the proposed method can significantly improve the optimization efficiency and apparently outperforms the existing single-fidelity or two-level-fidelity method.     

Machining fixture for adaptive CNC machining process of near-net-shaped jet engine blade

Low stiffness and positioning problems are difficulties and challenges in the precise machining of near-net-shaped blades. This paper aims to achieve high accuracy in manufacturing by fixture- and deformation-control in the adaptive CNC machining process. Adaptive CNC machining technology is first analyzed, and new fixture-evaluation criteria and methods to evaluate the adaptive CNC machining process fixture design are built. Second, a machining fixture is designed and manufactured after analyzing its positioning scheme, clamping scheme, materials (PEEK-GF30), and structure characteristics. Finally, the designed fixture is analyzed by FEA and experimentally verified by a cutting experiment. The results show that the deformation of the blade is an overall rigid-body displacement, the main deformation of the blade-fixture system occurs on the four clamping heads, and this fixture can effectively protect the blade from local deformation. The proposed clamping-sequence method reliably and effectively controls the local maximum deformation of the blade. The system stiffness is increased by 20 Hz, with each clamping force increased by 200 N. Both high- and low-frequency displacement in roughing milling or finishing milling are acceptable relative to the accuracy demand of blade machining. This fixture and an adaptive CNC machining process can achieve high accuracy in blade manufacturing.     

自动钻铆最佳干涉量试验研究

在MPAC自动钻铆机上采用不同压铆力对7075铝板进行自动钻铆试验研究,分析了压铆力对干涉量和疲劳寿命的影响,得出了压铆力为21kN时试件的疲劳寿命最好,此时的干涉量为1.53%~1.77%。通过压铆力与镦头膨胀率之间的线性关系,得出最佳干涉量的直观判断方法,即镦头膨胀率为76.85%左右时试件取得最佳干涉量。     

轴流涡轮损失模型研究进展(“两机”专刊)*

轴流涡轮损失预测模型是开展先进轴流涡轮设计优化、特别是低维快速性能预测的重要工具和基础,更准确通用的损失模型一直是涡轮气动热力学领域研究的重点。近年来,精细化设计理念的深入对损失模型提出更高的精度要求,同时先进实验测量方法和数值模拟技术的发展也为建立更精准的损失模型提供了可能。因此,本文首先梳理了轴流涡轮损失模型的发展历程及近年来的发展趋势,并结合最新研究进展分析目前仍存在的不足,最后对轴流涡轮损失模型的未来研究重点和发展趋势进行展望。     

超燃冲压发动机尾喷管进口气流角畸变研究

为探索气流角畸变对超燃冲压发动机尾喷管性能的影响,本文开展了喷管在单一气流角畸变和耦合畸变进口条件下的数值模拟研究。首先简要介绍采用的数值模拟方法,并根据实验结果校核数值方法的有效性。同时为得到准确的数值结果,进行了网格无关性研究。然后,通过数值模拟获取超燃冲压发动机燃烧室出口气流参数,用于研究气流角畸变对喷管性能的影响并讨论了其影响规律。在此基础上,进一步研究了气流角畸变与马赫数畸变相互耦合对喷管气动性能的影响。结果表明,气流角畸变对推力影响很小：推力系数变化仅为0.37%;但对升力和俯仰力矩影响显著,相应增幅分别可达51.84%和12.11%。此外发现气流角畸变和马赫数畸变对喷管气动性能的影响是相互独立的。因此在超燃冲压发动机喷管的相关研究过程中,有必要对气流角畸变加以考虑。另外还需要关注由于气流角畸变导致的喷管升力和俯仰力矩变化对飞行器整体稳定性的影响。     

针对在轨维护的爬行机器人足粘附机理研究

针对空间合作目标航天器在轨维护任务需求,提出一种新型结构的空间爬行机器人,可搭载于抓取机械臂上,在主动航天器和故障目标形成连接后,爬行移动到故障目标上需要维修的位置进行维修精细操作。该机器人移动系统主要由压电驱动腿、微修饰粘附足组成。其微观粘附足借鉴壁虎刚毛的粘附机理,设计微米级微阵列的机器人足端结构。在上述结构设计基础上,利用离散元软件建立其仿真模型,对壁虎的强吸附能力和快速脱附能力进行理论建模分析,建立单根刚毛在不同状态下的受力模型,模拟刚毛在不同脱附角下的粘附和脱附的过程,对其单个刚毛的粘附特性进行分析。仿真结果表明:在空间零重力环境下,通过不同运动方式可以实现单个刚毛的吸附和快速脱附的能力。为后续实现机器人足的吸附和快速脱附的能力提供了理论支持。     

弹性边界试验获取自由状态频响方法研究

大型柔性航天结构的一阶频率可能低至0.1 Hz,采用自由悬吊方法进行结构自由状态频响测试难以满足要求,因为它要求悬吊频率远低于待测结构的一阶频率。为解决这一问题,文章研究了弹性边界试验方法:对待测结构施加弹性支撑,在分别获得整体与支撑结构频响后,通过频域子结构解耦方法,去除支撑结构对待测结构的影响,以得到待测结构自由状态的频响。试验结果表明,这一方法是可行的,可以考虑进一步应用于实际工程结构。     

海军航空兵协同攻击优化模型

针对海军航空兵现代作战的特点,应用对策论中合作对策基本原理、shapley值概念以及相应的计算模型,分析了各作战编组对势力值的影响因素,提出了基于对策空间的兵力编组优化分析算法,改进了海军航空兵兵力协同作战编组的优化技术与方法。     

飞机轮轴向力值测量系统的现场校准方法与研究

飞机轮轴向力值测量系统主要包括力传感器和计算机采集系统,它们不易拆卸也不能拆卸下来送到校准试验室进行校准,因此必须进行现场校准。由于飞机轮的外形轮廓类似于圆柱形,承受载荷的轮胎表面是圆弧形,并且有两个飞机轮同时向前滚动等原因,因此对飞机轮轴向力值系统的现场校准是非常有难度的。本文通过对飞机轮轴向力值测量系统的分析,根据它的特点,研究出一套V形块现场校准装置和校准方法,并对此方法的可行性进行分析。