改善压气机端区流动的新方法——前缘边条叶片技术

针对压气机叶片进气存在端区附面层扭曲而造成局部大攻角问题,借鉴飞机边条翼理论,阐释了LESB(前缘边条叶片)概念,开发了对主叶片施加修型形成边条叶片的造型方法,从而形成LESB技术.为验证其技术效果,选取折转角为60°的NACA65扩压叶栅进行了LESB修型,在利用叶栅试验数据确认CFD模拟精度及掌握使用经验后,对主流区0°攻角、5°攻角带端区附面层扭曲来流条件下NACA65原型叶片及LESB流场进行了数值模拟,对其中流场结构、性能参数及作用机理进行了分析.结果表明:LESB技术能有效组织端区流场,改善压气机性能,15%叶高的LESB修型在0°攻角、5°攻角下改善区域分别可至30%和40%叶高.      

A review of recent studies on rotating internal cooling for gas turbine blades

Gas turbines have been used extensively for aircraft and marine propulsions as well as land-based power generation because of their high thermal efficiency and large power to weight ratios. To further increase the thermal efficiency, numerous prior researches on gas turbine blade internal cooling have been intensively carried out, majorly under stationary conditions. However, the stationary studies neglect the effects of Coriolis and buoyancy forces, which should change the velocity, turbulence and temperature distribution under rotating conditions. To elucidate the rotational effects on gas turbine internal cooling, the extensive results collected from recent investigations are discussed, which include the rotation and buoyancy effects on the rib turbulated cooling, pin fin cooling, jet impingement cooling, dimple/protrusion cooling, latticework cooling as well as swirl cooling. The rotational effects on the friction factors and the most employed experimental and numerical methods are also presented. Moreover, recommendations for future research are outlined. Therefore, this review article provides extensive literature information for the design of the next-generation high-efficiency internal cooling for rotating turbine blades.     

力约束管材自由胀形试验研究与材料性能测试

相较于单向拉伸试验,通过管材胀形试验(TBT,Tube Bulging Test)获得的材料性能参数能够更准确地反映材料在高压流体作用下的塑性成形性能,不同的管端边界将会严重影响管材胀形试验的测试结果.针对国际上现有试验方法和设备存在的不足,研制出了一套约束边界清晰、加载精确的管材自由胀形试验系统.在管材测试过程中,基于位移随动力主动加载的控制策略和比例伺服油缸,实现实时的轴向力、轴向位移和内压力的精确加载.端部约束的测试管材通过特殊设计的工装保证了其轴向自由滑动.实时内压力和胀形管材顶点处材料的壁厚和胀形高度信息通过超高压压力传感器、超声测厚仪和磁致伸缩位移传感器采集,进而基于Swift材料本构模型和采集到的数据拟合出材料应力应变曲线和材料性能参数.试验结果表明,管材两端侧推力与内压力对管材内腔端面的作用力和管材轴向自由对称收缩的平衡条件始终处于动态稳定中,试验设备能够准确获得实时胀形高度、顶点厚度、轴向收缩长度和内压力的信息,能够为材料性能测试和工艺设计提供可信的材料参数.      

Effects of pressure oscillation on aerodynamic characteristics in an aero-engine combustor

The effects of pressure oscillation on aerodynamic characteristics in an aero-engine combustor are investigated. A combustor test rig is designed to simulate the pressure drop characteristics of a practical annular combustor. The pressure drop characteristics are firstly measured under atmosphere condition with non-reacting flow (or cold flow), and the air mass flow proportion of each component (dome/liner) are obtained; these properties are base lines for comparison with combustion state. The combustion tests are then carried out under conditions of inlet temperature 340–450 K, fuel air ratio 0.010–0.028. The stability map and the oscillation frequencies are obtained in the tests, the results show that pressure oscillation amplitude increases with the increase of fuel air ratio. Phase trajectory reconstruction is applied to classify the pressure oscillation motion; there are three motions captured in the tests including: “disk”, “ring” and “cluster”. The pressure drops across the dome under strong pressure oscillation are distinctly divergent from the cold flow, and the changes of pressure drops are mainly affected by pressure oscillation amplitude, but is less influenced by pressure oscillation motion nor oscillation frequencies. Based on the mass flow conservation, the reduction of effective flow area of combustor under strong pressure oscillation is demonstrated. Liner wall temperatures are analyzed through Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) method to estimate the reduction of the air mass flow proportion of the liner cooling under strong pressure oscillation. Finally, the air mass flow proportions of each component under strong pressure oscillation are estimated, the results show that the pressure oscillation motion also has influence on air mass flow proportion.     

Numerical simulation of a UAV impacting engine fan blades

A 3D digital model of a small Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) is obtained by using the method of scanning reverse modeling and joint mapping. A numerical simulation of a small UAV strikes on rotary engine blades, presented in this paper, was performed with a Transient Nonlinear Finite Element code PAM-CRASH software. A test of motor strike on plate was developed and the dynamic response of the plate were obtained to validate the numerical simulation method of a UAV strike on blades. Based on this, dynamic damage response caused by UAV on the engine blades were studied. It is indicated that the impact process between the UAV and a single blade can be divided into two typical stages: cutting and impact. Cutting mainly leads to the failure of the leading edge material, and impact mainly leads to the plastic deformation of the blade. At the same time, it is compared with the damage impacted by bird with the same mass. For the same mass of bird and UAV, the damage caused by UAV striking fan blade is more serious, and 1.345 kg UAV striking fan blade of typical civil aviation engine is enough to cause damage to flight safety.     

气液两相流在180°弯头上T形管处相分离的实验研究

利用180°弯头上的T形管考察气液两相流的相分离行为,以加深对两相流在T形管处相分离机理的理解。以空气和水为两相流工作介质,在鼓泡流和环状流条件下,入口主管分别以垂直向上和垂直向下2种方式放置,通过改变气液入口流型和流速,考察了180°弯头上T形管处合力的大小和流型的变化,测定了该处的相分离数据。实验结果表明:入口主管垂直向上时,在鼓泡流条件下,气体主要受液体的浮力作用,液相主要受重力作用,侧支管以气相采出占优,增加气液流速对气相采出不利;而在环状流条件下,液体离心力占主导地位,侧支管以液相采出占优为主,气液两相流速增加对相分离有利;主管垂直向下时,在环状流条件下,以液体向下的离心力和重力占主导地位,侧支管中液相采出占优,增大气体流速或者液体流速,不利于液相在侧支管的采出。利用T形管处的合力大小、入口流型和两相入口动量能有效解释相分离结果的变化规律。     

一种星箭动态界面力识别方法

为获得卫星与运载火箭界面的动态载荷,提出了采用应变测量的识别方法:沿连接环表面设置测点,每个测点粘贴应变花测量该处应变,由升空过程中采集到的应变信号经理论分析即可辨识界面力。仿真分析证明,该方法对星箭界面动态载荷幅值的识别误差可达20%以下,能够满足工程需求,可对未来卫星力学环境识别的工程应用提供参考。     

Aerodynamic performance of owl-like airfoil undergoing bio-inspired flapping kinematics

Natural flyers have extraordinary flight skills and their prominent aerodynamic performance has attracted a lot of attention. However, the aerodynamic mechanism of birds' flapping wing kinematics still lacks in-depth understanding. In this paper, the aerodynamic performance of owl-like airfoil undergoing bio-inspired flapping kinematics extracted from a free-flying owl wing has been numerically investigated. The overset mesh technique is used to deal with the large range movements of flapping airfoils. The bio-inspired kinematics consist of plunging and pitching movement. A pure sinusoidal motion and a defined motion composed of plunging of sinusoidal motion and pitching of the bio-inspired kinematics are selected for comparison. The other two NACA airfoils are also selected to figure out the advantages of the owl-like airfoil. It is found that the cambered owl-like airfoil can enhance lift during the downstroke. The bio-inspired kinematics have an obvious advantage in lift generation with a presence of higher peak lift and positive lift over a wider proportion of the flapping cycle. Meanwhile, the bio-inspired motion is more economical for a lower power consumption compared with the sinusoidal motion. The sinusoidal flapping motion is better for thrust generation for a higher peak thrust value in both upstroke and downstroke, while the bio-inspired kinematics mainly generate thrust during the downstroke but produce more drag during the upstroke. The defined motion has similar lift performance with the bio-inspired kinematics, while it consumes more energy and generates less thrust. The unsteady flow field around airfoils is also analyzed to explain the corresponding phenomenon. The research in this paper is helpful to understand the flight mechanism of birds and to design a micro air vehicle with higher performance.     

Milling surface roughness for 7050 aluminum alloy cavity influenced by nozzle position of nanofluid minimum quantity lubrication

In nanofluid minimum quantity lubrication (NMQL) milling of aviation aluminum alloy, it is the bottleneck problem to adjust the position parameters (target distance, incidence angle, and elevation angle) of the nozzle to improve the surface roughness of milling, which has large and uncontrollable errors. In this paper, the influence law of milling cutter speed, helical angle, and cavity shape on the flow field around the milling cutter was studied, and the optimal nozzle profile parameters were obtained. Using 7050 aluminum alloy as the workpiece material, the milling experiment of the NMQL cavity was conducted by utilizing cottonseed oil-based Al₂O₃ nanofluid. Results show that the high velocity of the surrounding air flow field and the strong gas barrier could be attributed to high rotating velocities of the milling cutter. The incidence angle of the nozzle was consistent with the helical angle of the milling cutter, the target distance was appropriate at 25–30 mm, and the elevation angle was suitable at 60°–65°. The range and variance analyses of the signal-to-noise ratio of milling force and roughness were performed, and the chip morphology was observed and analyzed. The results show that the optimal combination of nozzle position parameters was the target distance of 30 mm, the incidence angle of 35°, and the elevation angle of 60°. Among these parameters, target distance had the largest impact on cutting performance with a contribution rate of more than 55%, followed by incidence angle and elevation contribution rate. Analysis by orthogonal experiment revealed that the nozzle position parameters were appropriate, and R_a (0.087 μm) was reduced by 30.4% from the maximum value (0.125 μm). Moreover, R_sm (0.05 mm) was minimum, which was 36% lower than that of the seventh group (R_sm = 0.078 mm).     

基于Gauss伪谱法的临近空间飞行器上升段轨迹优化

综合考虑密度变化、声速变化、发动机推力变化及地球引力等因素对飞行轨迹的影响,研究了与实际飞行环境更加相符的临近空间飞行器燃料最优爬升轨迹。针对该问题在气动数据处理和优化求解上存在的困难,提出一种基于Gauss伪谱法(Gauss Pseudospectral Method,GPM)的求解策略。首先,依据气动数据特点,设计拟合模型对气动参数进行高精度拟合;其次,为避免间接法和传统直接法的缺点,将Gauss伪谱法和序贯二次规划(Sequential Quadratic Programming,SQP)相结合,对存在边值及加速度约束的轨迹优化问题进行求解,获得最优飞行轨迹。仿真结果表明,在更为真实的飞行环境下,利用GPM和SQP相结合的方法可在5.83s获得一条精度为10-4～10-6左右的飞行轨迹。