Efficient prediction of ground noise from helicopters and parametric studies based on acoustic mapping

Based on the acoustic mapping, a prediction model for the ground noise radiated from an in-flight helicopter is established. For the enhancement of calculation efficiency, a high-efficiency second-level acoustic radiation model capable of taking the influence of atmosphere absorption on noise into account is first developed by the combination of the point-source idea and the rotor noise radiation characteristics. The comparison between the present model and the direct computation method of noise is done and the high efficiency of the model is validated. Rotor free-wake analysis method and Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings (FW-H) equation are applied to the aerodynamics and noise prediction in the present model. Secondly, a database of noise spheres with the characteristic parameters of advance ratio and tip-path-plane angle is established by the helicopter trim model together with a parametric modeling approach. Furthermore, based on acoustic mapping, a method of rapid simulation for the ground noise radiated from an in-flight helicopter is developed. The noise footprint for AH-1 rotor is then calculated and the influence of some parameters including advance ratio and flight path angle on ground noise is deeply analyzed using the developed model. The results suggest that with the increase of advance ratio and flight path angle, the peak noise levels on the ground first increase and then decrease, in the meantime, the maximum Sound Exposure Level (SEL) noise on the ground shifts toward the advancing side of rotor. Besides, through the analysis of the effects of longitudinal forces on miss-distance and rotor Blade-Vortex Interaction (BVI) noise in descent flight, some meaningful results for reducing the BVI noise on the ground are obtained.     

超高速撞击声发射信号在Whipple结构中的传播时序特性研究

为研究屏/舱声发射信号传播时序特性,以典型Whipple防护结构为例,利用二级轻气炮对其进行超高速撞击实验。首先,利用独立于靶件的“遮挡板”阻挡弹丸击穿前板形成的二次碎片云撞击后板,利用布置在前、后板特定位置的超声换能器采集单纯的前板声发射信号,分析信号模态特征,结果表明：前板信号主要包括S0、A0和S2等三种模态板波,经圆柱支撑构件传播进入后板之后,全部转换为A0模态板波。在此基础上,建立了屏/舱声发射信号到达时序预测公式。其次,撤除遮挡板,利用布置在后板特定位置的超声换能器采集前、后板信号的混叠信号,分析两种信号的到达时序并与预测结果进行对比,结果验证了达时序预测公式的有效性。     

舱门对起落架流场和气动噪声的影响研究

前起落架一般具有异于主起落架的双侧对称舱门,民用飞机进场降落时打开的前起落架舱门必然对起落架流场和噪声产生干扰阻挡和反射作用。为了研究前起落架舱门对起落架流场和噪声的干扰阻挡效应,采用两轮起落架标模对改善的延迟分离涡模拟（IDDES）方法和福克斯·威廉姆斯—霍金斯（FW-H）方程进行数值方法验证;在数值计算方法准确可靠的基础上,对某民用飞机高保真前起落架有舱门和无舱门的两种模型的流场特征和远场辐射噪声特性进行对比计算分析,分析舱门附近流动演化过程及舱门对远场辐射噪声的影响。结果表明：由于舱门迎风端面非平直面,稍向内侧弯曲与来流具有一定夹角,导致在其前端引起当地流动分离,进而扩散到整个舱门之间的区域;两侧舱门阻挡干扰气流向展向扩散并撞击舱体侧面边缘的趋势,遮挡反射舱体前缘剪切流失稳撞击起落架产生的压力波,减弱了起落架的侧边噪声并形成声波干涉现象。     

Transfer element method with application to acoustic design of aeroengine nacelle

In the present survey, various methods for the acoustic design of aeroengine nacelle are first briefly introduced along with the comments on their advantages and disadvantages for practical application, and then detailed analysis and discussion focus on a kind of new method which is called ‘‘transfer element method'(TEM) with emphasis on its application in the following three problems: turbomachinery noise generations, sound transmission in ducts and radiation from the inlet and outlet of ducts, as well as the interaction between them. In the theoretical frame of the TEM, the solution of acoustic field in an infinite duct with stator sound source or liner is extended to that in a finite domain with all knows and unknowns on the interface plane, and the relevant acoustic field is solved by setting up matching equation. In addition, based on combining the TEM with the boundary element method(BEM) by establishing the pressure and its derivative continuum conditions on the inlet and outlet surface, the sound radiation from the inlet and outlet of ducts can also be investigated. Finally, the effects of various interactions between the sound source and acoustic treatment have been discussed in this survey. The numerical examples indicate that it is quite important to consider the effect of such interactions on sound attenuation during the acoustic design of aeroengine nacelle.     

发动机微穿孔板结构消声短舱试件的声学性能研究

介绍了不同转速、不同进口马赫数工况下跨音单级轴流压气机进气管道敷设单段、三段声衬以及硬壁管道的试验研究情况,发现了微穿孔板蜂窝夹层消声结构的一些特点,获得了比较丰富的试验数据,为短舱设计奠定了试验基础。      

Acoustic measurements of models of military style supersonic nozzle jets

Modern military aircraft jet engines are designed with variable-geometry nozzles to provide optimal thrust in different operating conditions, depending on the flight envelope. How- ever, acoustic measurements for such nozzles are scarce, due to the cost involved in making full- scale measurements and the lack of details about the exact geometries of these nozzles. Thus the present effort at Pennsylvania State University （PSU） in partnership with GE Aviation and the NASA Glenn Research Center is aiming to study and characterize the acoustic field produced by supersonic jets issuing from converging-diverging military style nozzles, and to identify and test promising noise reduction techniques. An equally important objective is to develop methodology for using data obtained from small- and moderate-scale experiments to reliably predict the full-scale engine noise. The experimental results presented show reasonable agreement between small-scale and medium-scale jets, as well as between heated jets and heat-simulated ones.     

碳纤维复合材料贮箱内压和低温承载行为研究

碳纤维增强聚合物复合材料具有轻质高强的优异特性,是液氢液氧燃料贮箱的理想材料。然而液氢液氧燃料贮箱在服役时要承受极低温度载荷,复合材料贮箱箱体的低温结构可靠性尚未可知。开展了碳纤维/环氧复合材料缠绕贮箱结构在温度和内压载荷下的变形及损伤研究,分别进行了常温/低温抗渗漏测试,结合应变测量、声发射监测、氦质谱检漏等方法分别研究了内压以及低温工况对复合材料贮箱的应变分布及损伤泄漏状态影响机制。研究结果表明,封头与圆筒区域交界处易产生应变集中,低温载荷导致复合材料局部小幅度基体损伤及纤维/基体界面脱粘,但并未影响贮箱箱体承压性能和气密性。本研究可为未来大型航天器减质设计提供参考。     

基于测力和测压试验的气动导纳识别结果比较

气动导纳是大跨度桥梁抖振分析的重要参数,通常通过格栅湍流场测力或测压风洞试验进行识别。然而,测力试验中天平和节段模型系统的固有振动和测压试验中测压管路系统的频响效应都会对气动导纳的识别结果产生影响。本文通过格栅湍流场测力和测压试验、采用抖振力自谱和抖振力脉动风交叉谱综合残量最小二乘法识别了准平板断面的气动导纳,其中,在基于测力试验的气动导纳识别中考虑了模型抖振力跨向不完全相关效应的影响,在基于测压试验的气动导纳识别中考虑了按Bergh-Tij deman理论公式修正或者不修正测压管路系统频响特性影响的2种情况。在此基础上,通过考察气动导纳实验识别结果之间的差别及其与平板断面气动导纳理论解Sears函数之间的差别,研究了天平模型系统固有振动以及测压管路系统频响效应对识别结果的影响。结果表明:天平模型系统的共振会显著放大气动导纳的识别结果;而由于测压管路的固有频率一般要显著高于天平模型系统的固有频率,因此,与基于测力试验得到的气动导纳相比,基于测压试验所得气动导纳总体上更加合理,可用导纳的折算频率范围更广。此外,在一般大跨度桥梁抖振分析所关心的折算频率范围内,考虑测压管路频响特性修正后,气动导纳有一定降低。     

冲压发动机燃烧室内低频燃烧不稳定试验

在高空亚燃冲压发动机研究中,燃烧不稳定是一个突出问题.为解决30km,Ma =4亚燃冲压发动机直连式试验中所出现的低频燃烧不稳定问题,分析了燃烧室的声学特性,得出了燃烧不稳定的主要特征是燃烧放热与一阶纵向声振模态相藕合.采取在燃烧室内增加后向台阶形成凹腔的方法,成功得到了较为稳定的燃烧.     

UHMWPE/LDPE层合板复合材料损伤声发射信号识别

为了掌握UHMWPE/LDPE复合材料的损伤机理,运用声发射技术结合聚类分析方法建立不同损伤形式的声发射信号训练样本,通过神经网络实现损伤信号的识别,并分别探讨了训练函数、传递函数、网络结构等因素对识别率的影响。研究表明,由系统聚类可提取幅度、峰值频率、持续时间为模式特征,结合Kmeans聚类可建立11个类别共583信号的训练样本。以混淆矩阵为识别率指标,当训练函数为traingdx、隐层/输出层传递函数为tansig/logsig、隐层神经元数量为70时,网络的识别率达97.2%,为基于声发射技术的热塑性基体复合材料损伤识别提供参考。