Estimation of differential code biases with Jason-2/3 onboard GPS observations

With the continuous deployment of Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites, the estimation of differential code biases (DCBs) based on GNSS observations from LEO has gained increasing attention. Previous studies on LEO-based DCB estimation are usually using the spherical symmetry ionosphere assumption (SSIA), in which a uniform electron density is assumed in a thick shell. In this study, we propose an approach (named the SHLEO method) to simultaneously estimate the satellite and LEO onboard receiver DCBs by modeling the distribution of the global plasmaspheric total electron content (PTEC) above the satellite orbit with a spherical harmonic (SH) function. Compared to the commonly used SSIA method, the SHLEO model improves the GPS satellite DCB estimation accuracy by 13.46% and the stability by 22.34%, respectively. Compared to the GPS satellite DCBs estimated based on the Jason-3-only observations, the accuracy and monthly stability of the satellite DCBs can be improved by 14.42% and 26.8% when both Jason-2 and Jason-3 onboard observations are jointly processed. Compared with the Jason-2 solutions, the GPS satellite DCB estimates based on the fusion of Jason-2 and Jason-3 observations have an improved consistency of better than 18.26% and 9.71% with the products provided by the Center for Orbit Determination in Europe (CODE) and Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS). Taking the DCB products provided by the German Aerospace Center (DLR) as references, there is no improvement in accuracy of the GPS satellite DCB estimates based on the fusion of Jason-2 and Jason-3 observations than the Jason-2 solutions alone. A periodic variation is found in the time series of both the Jason-3 and Jason-2 onboard receiver DCB estimates. Preliminary analysis of the PTEC distribution based on the estimated SH coefficients are also presented.     

PM2.5/PM10 ratio characteristics over urban sites of India

The PM_2.5/PM₁₀ ratio (PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ are defined as mass concentration of particles having aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 and 10 µm respectively) is one of the important parameters in understanding the severity of the fine mode surface particulate matter pollution. The present study characterises PM_2.5/PM₁₀ ratio estimates from eight Indian urban sites with varying levels of urbanization. Five years (2015–2019) of collocated PM_2.5, PM₁₀, and meteorological (ambient temperature, relative humidity (RH), and wind speed) measurements are used to understand the spatial and temporal variability in the PM_2.5/PM₁₀ ratio at different scales and to investigate its relationship with meteorological parameters. Over the study sites, the seasonal mean PM_2.5/PM₁₀ ratio varied between 0.31 ± 0.08 (mean ± standard deviation) and 0.65 ± 0.13. Seasonally, the highest PM_2.5/PM₁₀ ratio was observed during winter and post-monsoon seasons. Sites in the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) exhibited higher PM levels (PM_2.5 and PM₁₀) and higher PM_2.5/PM₁₀ ratios than the corresponding values recorded at other sites. The seasonal mean PM_2.5/PM₁₀ ratio estimated (over the study sites) using MERRA-2 (Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, version 2) ranged between 0.25 ± 0.08 and 0.77 ± 0.16, and exhibited consistent overestimation (when compared to values derived from measurements) during winter and pre-monsoon seasons. Grossly, the PM_2.5/PM₁₀ ratio exhibited a weak association with meteorological parameters. Interestingly, despite variations in geography, population, anthropogenic activities and PM concentrations across seasons and sites, the PM_2.5/PM₁₀ ratio showed low variability.     

Preliminary gravity recovery from CryoSat-2 data in the Baffin Bay

A number of geophysical phenomenons in the open ocean are still unresolved by conventional altimetry, but could be resolved through the potential improvements offered by Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR), also called Delay-Doppler, altimetry. The SAR altimeter offers the following benefits with respect to conventional satellite altimetry: factor of 20 improvements in the along-track resolution, the along-track footprint length which does not vary with wave height (sea state), and improved precision in sea surface height measurements or sea surface slope measurements.     

Improvement and application of Y2O3 directional solidification crucible

In order to satisfy the drastic temperature change and high chemical activity in directional solidification of Nb–Si based alloys, Y_2O_3 crucible is demanded to possess high thermal shock resistance and erosion resistance. This paper improved the sintering degree and density of Y_2O_3 crucible by optimizing the sintering temperature and time, and its practical application performance was investigated. Y_2O_3 grains gathered with the increase of sintering temperature and time, and the contact area enlarged, resulting in the open pores being changed into closed pores.The higher density caused the improvement of erosion resistance of Y_2O_3 crucibles. However, excessive density weakened the thermal shock resistance. Considering high-temperature strength, erosion resistance, thermal shock resistance and costs, optimum sintering temperature and time of Y_2O_3 directional solidification crucible were 1800 °C and 120 min, respectively, and the porosity was20%. Improved Y_2O_3 crucible has been successfully applied to directional solidification of Nb–Si based alloys, and significantly reduced the oxygen contamination. Slight interaction occurred between Hf and Y_2O_3, but no obvious dissolution, penetration or erosion was found, showing good erosion resistance and thermal shock resistance.     

Histogram-based ionogram displays and their application to autoscaling

A simple method is described for displaying and auto scaling the basic ionogram parameters foF2 and h’F2 as well as some additional layer parameters from digital ionograms. The technique employed is based on forming frequency and height histograms in each ionogram. This technique has now been applied specifically to ionograms produced by the IPS5D ionosonde developed and operated by the Australian Space Weather Service (SWS). The SWS ionograms are archived in a cleaned format and readily available from the SWS internet site. However, the method is applicable to any ionosonde which produces ionograms in a digital format at a useful signal-to-noise level. The most novel feature of the technique for autoscaling is its simplicity and the avoidance of the mathematical imaging and line fitting techniques often used. The program arose from the necessity to display many days of ionogram output to allow the location of specific types of ionospheric event such as ionospheric storms, travelling ionospheric disturbances and repetitive ionospheric height changes for further investigation and measurement. Examples and applications of the method are given including the removal of sporadic E and spread F.     

Time series modeling and analysis of trends of daily averaged ionospheric total electron content

A 10.7 cm solar radio flux F10.7, geomagnetic planetary equivalent amplitude (Ap index), and period variations were considered in this paper to construct a linear model for daily averaged ionospheric total electron content (TEC). The correlation coefficient of the modeled results and International GNSS Service (IGS) observables was approximately 0.97, which implied that the model could accurately reflect the realistic variation characteristics of the daily averaged TEC. The influences of the different factors on TEC and its characteristics at different latitudes were examined with this model. Results show that solar activity, annual and semiannual cycles are the three most important factors that affect daily averaged TEC. Solar activity is the primary determinant of TEC during periods with high solar activity, whereas periodic factors primarily contribute to TEC during periods with minimum solar activity. The extent of the influences of the different factors on TEC exhibits obvious differences at varying latitudes. The magnitude of the semiannual variation becomes less significant with the increase in latitude. Furthermore, a geomagnetic storm causes an increase in TEC at low latitudes and a decrease at high latitudes.     

光电编码器模拟测速机在转台控制系统中的应用

在转台的可靠性设计中, 常用测速机输出作为转台限速报警的触发信号, 但传统的测速机在安装、成本及精度上都不具有优势。利用美国AD 公司生产的AD650 芯片,对被广泛用于转台测角系统中的Heidenhain 公司的RON886C 型增量式旋转编码器 信号进行电压频率(V/ F) 和频率电压(F/V) 转换, 实现利用编码器输出模拟测速机电路, 不仅可以满足限速保护要求,并且较测速机具有成本低,安装使用方便,且精度较高的 优点,在实际应用中效果良好。     

SiO2 气凝胶热参数测试及评价

利用非稳态阶跃平面热源法对SiO2气凝胶的热参数进行了高温实验研究,获得了不同温度和压力条件下SiO2气凝胶的热导率、热扩散率以及比热容等.结果表明,SiO2气凝胶800℃的热导率比室温增大约62％.在相同气压且低于600℃时,其热导率受比热容影响,而在高于600℃时,则受热扩散率影响;在相同温度且高于10 kPa时,热导率亦受热扩散率影响.     

B737NG飞机反推系统故障分析

根据波音的相关技术文件,B737NG反推系统的部件有些本身带有设计缺陷或可靠性较低,导致反推系统故障较多。对反推系统的工作原理、常见故障及处理方法进行总结,使排故人员和故障管控工程师对该系统有深入的了解,方便大家开阔思路,减少排故的时间,提高排故效率。     

基于拆卸及扩展广义随机 Petri网的维修性仿真

在装备研制早期,难以有效地利用试验的方法进行维修性估计,此时适合采用仿真手段。对于机械系统拆卸路径的分析与优化,先基于赋时变迁Petri网建立拆卸Petri网模型,再利用A＊算法搜索最优拆卸路径,并确定拆卸时间。为了建立系统整个维修事件的过程模型,对广义随机Petri网进行了扩展,将其延时变迁与实际分布关联,对基于变迁的维修作业之间的逻辑关系进行了描述,并给出了基于蒙特卡罗法的维修时间仿真算法。最后,以对某火炮装备发射系统不击发故障的分析与排除为例,仿真计算了维修时间均值与方差,并对结果进行了分析。