底部封闭竖直细管内纳米流体的沸腾特性和临界热通量

以水-氧化铜纳米颗粒组成的纳米流体为工质, 对底部封闭细小圆管内的沸腾特性以及临界热通量进行了实验研究.结果表明:沸腾时管内纳米流体的浓度不随加热时间长短而改变, 沸腾液体的纳米颗粒除微量吸附在管壁外, 其余全部被蒸汽携带走, 同时吸附层厚度到了一定程度就不再变化.相对于纯水而言, 随着纳米浓度的增加, 纳米流体的沸腾特性有所劣化, 这主要是因为纳米颗粒吸附在管壁上, 减小了壁面粗糙度, 从而减小了液体和壁面的接触角.随着纳米浓度的增加, 纳米流体的临界热通量也随之增加.纳米流体的临界热通量不仅与管长与管径比有关, 而且还与纳米浓度有关.      

BVF诊断在非定常转静匹配中的应用

对一台高负荷跨声速单级风扇进行了非定常数值模拟.并将BVF(boundary vorticity flux, 边界涡量流)诊断方法应用于非定常条件下的转静干涉研究中.结果表明BVF不仅能够清晰地捕捉到转静干涉对流场的影响, 指出转子叶排的尾迹干扰是引发下游叶排通道流场非定常特性的最主要因素, 还能够根据叶片表面出现的一些细节, 结合静压、熵等分析方法, 找出动叶的叶尖和静叶的叶根在转静匹配中存在的问题.表明BVF诊断方法能够反映出转静匹配的状态好坏, 并指出改进设计的方向, 是一种能够有效找出对流场产生负面影响的根源, 并指出削弱甚至消除这些负面影响办法的新型诊断方法.      

旋转状态下曲率对气膜冷却影响的分析

 作为广泛应用于航空发动机涡轮叶片上的气膜冷却技术,其效果会受到叶片表面曲率、旋转、密度比等因素的影响。在通过理论分析着重研究了旋转状态下曲面上的气膜出流后,给出了评价曲面气膜出流受旋转速度影响的无量纲量局部旋转数。并且对各种影响因素进行了分析。在凸表面上,小局部旋转数会导致气膜趋于脱离壁面;大局部旋转数会使气膜趋于吸附壁面;对于凹表面,局部旋转数的影响正好相反。当局部旋转数很小时,动量流量比成为影响气膜出流脱离壁面与否的重要因素。文中并且给出了数值验证。     

Improvement in the GERB short wave flux estimations over snow covered surfaces

Because space-borne radiometers do not measure the Earth’s outgoing fluxes directly, angular distribution models (ADMs) are required to relate actual radiance measurement to flux at given solar angle, satellite-viewing geometries, surface, and atmospheric conditions. The conversion of one footprint broad-band radiance into the corresponding flux requires therefore one to first characterize each footprint in terms of surface type and cloud cover properties to properly select the adequate ADM.

A snow (and sea-ice) retrieval technique based on spectral measurements from the Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI) on board Meteosat 8 is presented. It has been developed to improve the scene identification and thus the ADM selection in the near-real time processing of the Geostationary Earth Radiation Budget (GERB) data at the Royal Meteorological Institute of Belgium. The improvement in the GERB short wave flux estimations over snow covered scene types resulting from angular conversion using dedicated snow ADMs (e.g., empirical snow ADMs and/or pre-computed theoretical snow ADM) instead of empirical snow-free ADMs is discussed.     

航天器瞬态热平衡试验技术的新探索

文章以某型号航天器热平衡试验为工程应用背景,在正样星中用星内仪器按在轨飞行状态工作的方法实现仪器的内热源,用表面薄膜加热器模拟航天器表面多层部分的外热流,用红外加热笼模拟散热面的外热流,藉此实现了瞬态热平衡试验.     

Study of amplification coefficient in a water-cooling Gardon-type heat power measuring apparatus

A new water-cooling Gardon-type heat power measuring apparatus is designed to meet the need of heat power source management and distribution. The steady state measurement mathematic model of the apparatus is built up in theory and the system amplification coefficient is defined as the ratio of the heat power to the temperature difference of the device, with which the value of the measured source power can be calculated easily with the corresponding temperature difference. In order to obtain an optimal heat power measuring system, the coefficients that can influence the relationship between the amplification coefficient, the temperature difference, and the heat power are analyzed. On the basis of these analyses, a set of experimental device is constructed and a number of experiments are carried on. Compared with the input heat power sample data, the error of the experimental measuring results is less than ±2%, and the experimental measuring values are in good agreement with the calculated theoretical ones. The heat power measuring apparatus can be applied in heat flux or heat power measurement in other fields due to its simple structure and high accuracy.     

三阶HWCNS的构造及其在高超声速流动中的应用

对网格质量要求高、计算稳定性差和计算效率低是制约高阶精度格式应用于高超声速复杂流动模拟的重要因素。针对这些问题,发展了三阶精度的混合节点半节点加权紧致非线性格式(HWCNS3),改进其光滑测试因子和非线性权得到了HWCNS3-OP,并给出了它们的频谱特性。利用Lax和Osher-Shu算例测试了格式对间断和高频波的捕捉能力;通过钝锥和航天飞机的高超声速绕流算例,考察了HWCNS3-OP在真实流动模拟中热流和气动力的预测精度及其计算效率。研究结果表明:HWCNS3-OP具有较高的分辨率和良好的间断捕捉能力,高频波捕捉能力相对HWCNS3提高了约3倍,相对守恒律的单调迎风中心格式(MUSCL)提高了约4倍;HWCNS3-OP计算稳定性较好,计算效率相对五阶HWCNS提高了2~3倍,HWCNS3-OP是一种较适合高超声速复杂流动模拟的高阶精度格式。     

火灾试验中复合推进剂热辐射通量的测量

为了验证热辐射通量理论计算方法对推进剂的适用性,采用热辐射计测试了三种推进剂在外部火烧试验中的热辐射通量最大值和平均值,并根据样品燃烧时间计算了样品的热辐射通量。三种推进剂的热辐射通量的测量平均值为2.87kW/m2,2.65kW/m2和3.44kW/m2,理论计算值为4.06kW/m2,7.62kW/m2和3.67kW/m2。结果表明:当样品燃烧时间大于5s时,热辐射通量的测试平均值与理论计算值基本一致;当燃烧时间小于5s时,由于理论计算公式中设定的燃烧热转变为辐射热的比例(0.33)大于实际转化率,导致热辐射通量的理论计算值偏大,因此建议用热辐射计测量样品的热辐射通量。     

木材在锥形量热仪上的点燃实验研究

利用锥形量热仪研究了外加辐射热流和电火花点火高度对木材着火时的点燃时间、表面温度、质量损失速率等点燃特征参数的影响,提出了室内火灾中木材点燃的临界质量通量判据。研究结果表明,增大外加辐射热流,木材点燃时间缩短,点燃的临界表面温度减小,但临界质量通量不变;增大电火花的点火高度,木材点燃时间延长,点燃的临界表面温度升高,临界质量通量增大;对于特定场所,可以用临界质量通量作为木材点燃的判据。     

SEP events and multi-spacecraft observations: Constraints on theory

Fifteen solar energetic particle (SEP) events have been analyzed using proton flux data recorded by the Helios 1, Helios 2, and IMP 8 spacecraft in the energy range ∼4–40 MeV during 1974–1982. For each of the events at least two of the spacecraft have their nominal magnetic footpoint within 20° in heliocentric longitude from each other. The SEP events are sub-grouped as a function of their heliocentric longitudinal separation and heliocentric radial distance from the SEP associated solar flare and several case studies are presented in this paper. Main results concerning their usage in estimating the SEP radial dependence are given. Moreover, we investigate the behavior of the third not connected spacecraft in order to study the dependence of the proton flux as a function of flare location. It is found that the contribution of the longitudinal gradient in determining variations in the SEP proton flux is particularly relevant for spacecraft having their magnetic connection footpoint separated from the flare between 30° and 50°.