Deep Impact: Working Properties for the Target Nucleus – Comet 9P/Tempel 1

In 1998, Comet 9P/Tempel 1 was chosen as the target of the Deep Impact mission (A’Hearn, M. F., Belton, M. J. S., and Delamere, A., Space Sci. Rev., 2005) even though very little was known about its physical properties. Efforts were immediately begun to improve this situation by the Deep Impact Science Team leading to the founding of a worldwide observing campaign (Meech et al., Space Sci. Rev., 2005a). This campaign has already produced a great deal of information on the global properties of the comet’s nucleus (summarized in Table I) that is vital to the planning and the assessment of the chances of success at the impact and encounter. Since the mission was begun the successful encounters of the Deep Space 1 spacecraft at Comet 19P/Borrelly and the Stardust spacecraft at Comet 81P/Wild 2 have occurred yielding new information on the state of the nuclei of these two comets. This information, together with earlier results on the nucleus of comet 1P/Halley from the European Space Agency’s Giotto, the Soviet Vega mission, and various ground-based observational and theoretical studies, is used as a basis for conjectures on the morphological, geological, mechanical, and compositional properties of the surface and subsurface that Deep Impact may find at 9P/Tempel 1. We adopt the following working values (circa December 2004) for the nucleus parameters of prime importance to Deep Impact as follows: mean effective radius = 3.25± 0.2 km, shape – irregular triaxial ellipsoid with a/b = 3.2± 0.4 and overall dimensions of ∼14.4 × 4.4 × 4.4 km, principal axis rotation with period = 41.85± 0.1 hr, pole directions (RA, Dec, J2000) = 46± 10, 73± 10 deg (Pole 1) or 287± 14, 16.5± 10 deg (Pole 2) (the two poles are photometrically, but not geometrically, equivalent), Kron-Cousins (V-R) color = 0.56± 0.02, V-band geometric albedo = 0.04± 0.01, R-band geometric albedo = 0.05± 0.01, R-band H(1,1,0) = 14.441± 0.067, and mass ∼7×10¹³ kg assuming a bulk density of 500 kg m⁻³. As these are working values, {i.e.}, based on preliminary analyses, it is expected that adjustments to their values may be made before encounter as improved estimates become available through further analysis of the large database being made available by the Deep Impact observing campaign. Given the parameters listed above the impact will occur in an environment where the local gravity is estimated at 0.027–0.04 cm s⁻² and the escape velocity between 1.4 and 2 m s⁻¹. For both of the rotation poles found here, the Deep Impact spacecraft on approach to encounter will find the rotation axis close to the plane of the sky (aspect angles 82.2 and 69.7 deg. for pole 1 and 2, respectively). However, until the rotation period estimate is substantially improved, it will remain uncertain whether the impactor will collide with the broadside or the ends of the nucleus.     

钛合金表面镍包石墨喷涂层的耐磨性能

为了提高钛合金的表面耐磨性,利用氧乙炔热喷涂枪,在TC4合金表面上制备出镍包石墨涂层。采用MXP-2000型销盘式摩擦磨损实验机,进行钛合金及其镍包石墨涂层的干摩擦磨损实验,并利用扫描电镜对磨损表面进行观察和分析。实验结果发现,镍包石墨涂层的摩擦系数只有钛合金的一半左右,前者磨损量为后者的1/6,说明镍包石墨涂层可以大大提高钛合金的表面耐磨性能。TC4合金的磨损机制以黏着磨损为主,喷涂层的磨损机制以磨粒磨损为主,喷涂层中的石墨润滑相是其耐磨性高的主要原因。     

喷射沉积制备Al-Zn-Mg-Cu合金大型坯组织性能的研究

利用Ospray公司的喷射沉积设备制备了Al11.3Zn2.4Mg1.1Cu合金,合金挤压成棒材后,经过固溶和时效处理,用万能材料实验机对其进行了力学性能测试,合金的抗拉强度为849 MPa、屈服强度为796 MPa,延伸率为3.3%.透射电镜和扫描电镜对拉伸试样微观组织的研究结果表明,合金微观组织中包括微米级晶粒和纳米级晶粒,合金的强化方式为纳米晶强化、固溶强化以及沉淀强化,拉伸试样的断口分析表明,合金的断裂方式主要为沿晶断裂.     

粉末冶金γ-TiAl基合金研究的最新进展

γ TiAl基合金是一种具有发展前途的新一代高温结构材料。首先综述了γ TiAl基合金的性能特点和应用前景 ,并简单介绍了该合金的最新基础研究情况。随后介绍了采用粉末冶金方法制备γ TiAl基合金的基本工艺、力学性能 ,最后结合γ TiAl基合金排气阀和板材的研制论述了粉末冶金在γ TiAl基合金制备及近净成形方面的优势和发展前景     

LY16—1铝合金铆钉线材性能研究

探讨了热处理制度对ＬＹ６－１新型铝合金线材剪切、铆接性能的影响，并对Ｌｙ１６－１与Ｌｙ１０合金线材高温剪切性能及抗蚀性能进行了比较。     

铝-锂合金的真空熔炼

 在ZG-25型中频感应真空炉中进行了铝-锂合金的熔炼与铸锭。真空度为66Pa。考察了普通石墨坩埚、氧化铝坩埚,以及氧化锌涂料、氮化硼涂料与铝-锂熔体的反应。抄到了在真空下控制铝-锂熔体中锂含量的方法。在不使用钛-硼细化剂的条件下,铸锭呈细小等轴晶组织,其成分均匀,夹杂物极少。真空熔炼可使合金中的氢、钾,钠等杂质含量显著地降低。     

大厚度铝合金飞行器结构的焊接

介绍了采用熔化极脉冲氦弧焊工艺焊接大厚度铝合金燃料箱的优越性。     

采用A—1添加剂改进黑镍电镀工艺

介绍采用A-1添加剂进行黑镍(镍钼合金)电镀的简便工艺。该电解液成分简单,所得镀层结合力良好,耐腐蚀性能及消光性能优异,可用作航空精密仪器仪表防护装饰性镀层。     

Fe3Si基合金降低温轧温度的研究

研究了不同轧制工艺和热处理工艺对Fe3Si基合金塑性的影响,室温拉伸和高温拉伸实验结果表明,水冷的热处理工艺使Fe3Si基合金的塑性得到很大的提高,使可轧制的温度降低到300℃。     

快速凝固Al88Ce2Ni7Fe3非晶铝合金初生型晶化的研究

用X光衍射和透射电镜研究证实快速凝固Al88sCe2Ni7Fe3非晶铝合金晶化过程中的初期阶段为初生型晶化。初生相α－Al的结晶体积分数和纳米晶体尺寸随退火温度的升高表现出非同步增长行为：前者逐渐增加而后者变化不明显。不同退火态样品的小角X光散射结果表明，非晶基体中不断析出的纳米晶α－Al粒子，由开始的低温稀疏分布转向高温密集分布。根据实验结果，分析和讨论初生相α－Al的体积分数、晶粒数目、粒子尺寸及粒子分布在初生型晶化过程中的变化规律，为纳米晶α－Al粒子强化非晶基体提供了清晰的物理图像。