Aeroacoustic integral methods,formulation and efficient numerical implementation

The paper makes a contribution to the clearer understanding of the physical meaning and domain of applicability of the Ffowcs Williams–Hawkings (FW-H) and Kirchhoff aeroacoustic integral methods. The analytical relationship between the two approaches, and the physical implications involved in the use of the Kirchhoff approach are discussed. In particular, where the Kirchhoff surface cuts into a domain where non-negligible volume sources of Lighthill's Acoustic Analogy are present (domain crossed by a shock, non-uniform flow or vortices for instance), the Kirchhoff integral must be complemented by additional surface integrals to recover the FW-H surface integral. The paper goes on to describe a fast, robust integration technique for computing FW-H or Kirchhoff surface integrals. This integration technique starts from emission time, and treats each integration surface element as non-compact. It obviates the need to build retarded acoustic surfaces and avoids some of the drawbacks of current methods, such as the Doppler singularity when using supersonically rotating grids. The paper then recalls formulas for calculations in the aircraft reference frame, and the computational efficiency of the proposed integration method is demonstrated by its application to the prediction of helicopter rotor noise directivity contours.     

Quantitative assessment and visualization of flight risk induced by coupled multi-factor under icing conditions

Aircraft icing has been proven to be one of the most serious threats to flight safety. During the analysis of flight risk under icing conditions, quantitative assessment and visualization of flight risk are quite essential as they provide safe manipulation strategies in intricate conditions. However, they are rarely studied. Since the icing flight accidents are the result of the coupling of multiple unfavorable factors, in present study, we have proposed a method to quantitatively assess flight risk induced by multi-factor coupling under icing conditions by Monte-Carlo simulation and multivariate extreme value theory. The results demonstrate that the flight risk probability increases with the rise of unfavorable factors. Besides, a flight risk visualization method named flight safety window has been presented to build the flight risk distribution cloud maps in different complex conditions. The cloud maps show that the icing would give rise to atrophy of the safety scope, and the consequence would be even more severe when coupled with other more unfavorable factors. The proposed methods in this study would be useful in flight risk analysis under icing conditions and can enhance the pilot's situational awareness in selecting correct strategies within the safety zone to avoid unsafe manipulation.     

基于伴随方法的单级低速压气机气动设计优化

采用梯度方法对某型4.5级压气机最后级进行气动设计优化研究，梯度由连续伴随方法计算确定，多排伴随方程采用伴随掺混面模型进行数值求解。首先，采用基于经验修正的初步设计方法设计带进口导叶的4.5级低速、低压缩比压气机的原始气动外形。之后，在压气机近失速工况对最后级静子叶片进行伴随气动设计优化，通过优化叶型和安装角降低流动损失，目标函数定义为加权求和形式的熵增和流量偏差，优化中对流量进行约束。最后，开展基于伴随方法的多工况气动设计优化研究，改善两个不同转速条件下最后级的气动性能。优化结果表明，基于伴随方法的多排气动设计优化可以通过改变叶片气动外形提升多排全工况气动性能。     

Backstepping sliding-mode control of stratospheric airships using disturbance-observer

In the presence of unknown disturbances and model parameter uncertainties, this paper develop a nonlinear backstepping sliding-mode controller (BSMC) for trajectory tracking control of a stratospheric airship using a disturbance-observer (DO). Compared with the conventional sliding mode surface (SMS) constructed by a linear combination of the errors, the new SMS manifold is selected as the last back-step error to improve independence of the adjustment of the controller gains. Furthermore, a nonlinear disturbance-observer is designed to process unknown disturbance inputs and improve the BSMC performances. The closed-loop system of trajectory tracking control plant is proved to be globally asymptotically stable by using Lyapunov theory. By comparing with traditional backstepping control and SMC design, the results obtained demonstrate the capacity of the airship to execute a realistic trajectory tracking mission, even in the presence of unknown disturbances, and aerodynamic coefficient uncertainties.     

Modeling irregular small bodies gravity field via extreme learning machines and Bayesian optimization

Close proximity operations around small bodies are extremely challenging due to their uncertain dynamical environment. Autonomous guidance and navigation around small bodies require fast and accurate modeling of the gravitational field for potential on-board computation. In this paper, we investigate a model-based, data-driven approach to compute and predict the gravitational acceleration around irregular small bodies. More specifically, we employ Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) theories to design, train and validate Single-Layer Feedforward Networks (SLFN) capable of learning the relationship between the spacecraft position and the gravitational acceleration. ELM-base neural networks are trained without iterative tuning therefore dramatically reducing the training time. Analysis of performance in constant density models for asteroid 25143 Itokawa and comet 67/P Churyumov-Gerasimenko show that ELM-based SLFN are able learn the desired functional relationship both globally and in selected localized areas near the surface. The latter results in a robust neural algorithm for on-board, real-time calculation of the gravity field needed for guidance and control in close-proximity operations near the asteroid surface.     

Analysis on Output Power for Multi-direction Piezoelectric Vibration Energy Harvester

To predict the performance of multi-direction piezoelectric vibration energy harvester,an equation for calculating its output power is obtained based on elastic mechanics theory and piezoelectricity theory.Experiments are performed to verify theoretical analysis.When the excitation direction is along Y direction,a maximal output power about 0.139 mW can be harvested at a resistive load of 65kΩ and an excitation frequency of 136 Hz.Theoretical analysis agrees well with experimental results.Furthermore,the performance of multi-direction vibration energy harvester is experimentally tested.The results show that the multi-direction vibration energy harvester can harvest perfect energy as the excitation direction changes in XY plane,YZ plane,XZ plane and body diagonal plane of the harvester.     

Stability of relative equilibria of the full spacecraft dynamics around an asteroid with orbit–attitude coupling

The full dynamics of spacecraft around an asteroid, in which the spacecraft is considered as a rigid body and the gravitational orbit–attitude coupling is taken into account, is of great value and interest in the precise theories of the motion. The spectral stability of the classical relative equilibria of the full spacecraft dynamics around an asteroid is studied with the method of geometric mechanics. The stability conditions are given explicitly based on the characteristic equation of the linear system matrix. It is found that the linearized system decouples into two entirely independent subsystems, which correspond to the motions within and outside the equatorial plane of the asteroid respectively. The system parameters are divided into three groups that describe the traditional stationary orbit stability, the significance of the orbit–attitude coupling and the mass distribution of the spacecraft respectively. The spectral stability of the relative equilibria is investigated numerically with respect to the three groups of system parameters. The relations between the full spacecraft dynamics and the traditional spacecraft dynamics, as well as the effect of the orbit–attitude coupling, are assessed. We find that when the orbit–attitude coupling is strong, the mass distribution of the spacecraft dominates the stability of the relative equilibria; whereas when the orbit–attitude coupling is weak, both the mass distribution and the traditional stationary orbit stability have significant effects on the stability. We also give a criterion to determine whether the orbit–attitude coupling needs to be considered.     

碳纳米管阵列推力器放电特性的数值模拟研究

基于直接蒙特卡洛(DSMC)算法、浸入式有限元算法(IFE)、粒子云及蒙特卡洛碰撞(PIC-MCC)算法以及Ammosov-Delone-Krainov(ADK)隧穿电离模型建立了碳纳米管阵列推力器工质气体和CNT场电离过程的三维仿真模型。利用文献中的实验数据对本文仿真模型的有效性进行了验证,结果表明本文仿真模型与实验结果基本一致。针对碳纳米管阵列推力器的放电特性进行了研究,并重点分析了离子与原子碰撞过程对碳纳米管阵列推力器放电特性的影响。结果表明CNT可以极大地增强局部电场,稳态时场增强因子约为1308;与原子的碰撞使得离子在CNT附近更加集中,降低了局部电场,进而降低了其场增强能力。     

Novel finite-time attitude control of postcapture spacecraft with input faults and quantization

This paper investigates a novel finite-time attitude control method for the postcapture spacecraft with an unknown captured space target in the presence of input faults and quantization. First, a quasi fixed-time convergent performance function is developed to quantitatively characterize the attitude tracking performance. Then, a backstepping prescribed performance attitude controller is devised via using integral barrier Lyapunov function. Compared with the existing works, the fractional state feedback and discontinuous controller is directly avoided to achieve the fixed-time convergence rate. Namely, the proposed fixed-time controller is easily achieved online. Finally, two groups of illustrative examples are organized to validate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed control method.     

基于卷积双向长短期记忆网络的轴承故障尺寸估计

基于振动监测数据的航空发动机滚动轴承损伤大小识别,对于研究滚动轴承故障演化、故障预测和故障诊断具有重要意义。针对传统模型对先验知识依赖性高、特征提取不充分、故障尺寸训练类别有限等问题,提出了一种基于深度学习的滚动轴承损伤尺寸预计方法,能够对训练过程中未出现的中间尺寸进行准确识别。在经典模型的基础上,搭建了一种深度卷积网络与长短期记忆网络组合模型,该模型可对轴承振动信号的多维特征与时序特征进行充分提取,实现轴承故障的智能和高效诊断。最后,利用滚动轴承加速疲劳试验机,进行了多种转速与损伤尺寸下的滚动轴承故障试验,基于试验数据进行了方法的比较,结果表明,该组合网络的在正常和加噪的情况下预测精度分别达到99.94%和98.67%,较单独的深度卷积网络、长短期记忆网络及其他模型精度更高,比较结果充分表明了本文所提方法的优越性。