核壳结构纳米铝粉热学行为

为了研究不同表面包覆物对纳米铝粉热学行为的影响,采用激光-感应复合加热法制备了三种不同表面包覆的核/壳结构纳米铝粉(氧化铝钝化、碳包覆及增塑剂DOS包覆)。采用高分辨透射电镜(HRTEM)对制备的纳米粉末结构进行表征,并采用差示扫描量热及热重分析(DSC-TG)对不同物质包覆纳米铝粉的热学性能进行研究。结果表明,这些纳米粒子均呈现出明显的核壳结构,且包覆层厚度约3.5nm。这三种不同表面包覆纳米铝粉在400℃至铝熔点(660℃)之间均发生了氧化,但非氧化物包覆纳米铝粉(碳包覆与增塑剂DOS包覆)的氧化开始温度及峰温比氧化铝钝化纳米铝粉提前了约30℃左右,而且氧化放热热焓和氧化质量增重均高于氧化铝钝化纳米铝粉,表明这两种非氧化物表面包覆对纳米铝粉的热学行为有积极的影响。最后对不同物质包覆纳米铝粉的破壳氧化机制进行了探讨。     

USA-193 decay predictions using public domain trajectory data and assessment of the post-intercept orbital debris cloud

In early 2008, the need arose to predict the orbital decay of the American spacecraft USA-193, whose characteristics, function and orbit were classified information. With no orbit data and independent Italian tracking capability available, we turned our attention on the orbits determined by a worldwide network of about 20 visual satellite observers. The orbits of USA-193 obtained from their visual observations were therefore used as the sole source of orbit information. Contrary to our expectations, this exercise was extremely successful and we learned a lot in the process. The orbits provided by the visual observers were very accurate for such a low satellite (although the minimum and very stable level of solar activity helped considerably); however, data gaps of a few days were sometimes possible, due to unfavorable pass geometry or weather and light conditions. In any case, the orbital period and the semimajor axis were so accurate that it was possible for us to obtain very good decay fits using special perturbation software, including various atmospheric density models together with all the other relevant perturbing accelerations. We were therefore able to estimate accurate values of the ballistic parameter and the resulting decay and reentry predictions were extremely stable. Amateur optical observations and images of USA-193 had also led to a rough estimation of the shape and sizes of the satellite, revealing that the solar arrays had never been deployed. With this information, and taking into account our estimates of the ballistic parameter, we obtained reasonable and consistent values of the spacecraft mass. Based on previous reentry fragmentation analyses, we were then able to guess the expected USA-193 casualty area, casualty expectancy, debris ground footprint and probability of impact in Italy. Lastly, after the decision by the US Government to destroy the satellite, we independently predicted the interception time windows and the post-event ground tracks. Following the successful spacecraft breakup, we analyzed the evolution of the resulting debris cloud and assessed its (very limited) adverse impact on the circumterrestrial environment.     

多模型自校准无迹Kalman滤波方法

基于无迹Kalman滤波方法(UKF)、自校准无迹Kalman滤波方法(SUKF)和多模型估计理论(MME),针对工程实际中强非线性系统状态方程受未知输入(如医用机械臂惯导单元的零漂误差、列车行驶中遭遇突风和机载元器件故障等)影响的问题,提出了一种多模型自校准无迹Kalman滤波方法(MSUKF),将多模型自校准Kalman滤波方法(MSKF)的适用范围扩展到了强非线性领域.该方法同时采用UKF与SUKF进行计算,根据贝叶斯定理实时分配两者先验估计值的权重,通过加权融合进而得到最终的状态估计.大量数值仿真结果表明:本文方法精度比滤波发散的UKF提高了 50％,与无偏的SUKF相比也提升了 4％以上,具有更强的适应性和鲁棒性.     

高超声速风洞来流扰动测量及数据后处理技术研究

来流扰动对高超声速风洞中开展的实验研究,如层/湍流边界层的不稳定性与转捩实验,有直接影响。为加深对高超声速风洞中边界层转捩实验的认识,需对高超声速风洞的来流扰动进行定性与定量的测量与分析。提出一种高超声速风洞扰动模态校测方法,使用热线风速仪和皮托管压力探头对高超声速风洞自由来流进行测量。在小扰动假设前提下通过模态离解分析,并结合直接数值模拟结果,获得风洞自由来流各扰动模态的幅值。运用德国不伦瑞克工业大学马赫数6 Ludwieg式高超声速风洞对该方法进行检验。实验结果显示：该风洞为典型噪声风洞,其来流扰动中声波模态高达扰动总模态的69%,涡波模态和熵波模态约各占15%。该扰动模态校测方法为高超声速风洞的流场扰动测量提供了一个思路,为基于高超声速风洞开展的实验提供了借鉴和参考。

     

双梭型SLD探测器结冰特性研究

探头式结冰探测器为主流民航或运输类飞机所采用,其用于探测常规水滴结冰条件的技术手段已相当成熟,但探测器对于过冷大水滴(SLD)结冰条件探测和识别能力尚需探索和研究,针对具有双梭型气动外形的结冰探测器,研究其在SLD和常规水滴条件下探头表面的结冰特性,结合过冷大水滴在撞击区域、运动轨迹方面的特性分析了双梭探头构型的设计原...     

起动/发电机的电压跌落补偿技术

随着飞行器和航天器上电能需求的增大,在航空航天电源系统中,一体化起动/发电机(ISG)得到了广泛应用。出于可靠性要求,通常采用不控整流来支撑直流母线。而由于电机电枢阻抗的存在,在负载变动时其供电电压会发生跌落。针对该跌落现象,提出了两种电压补偿方案,分别利用电压源型逆变器和移相全桥DC/DC变换器,分别从交流侧和直流侧对供电电压进行补偿。分析了补偿机理并设计了控制系统,分别对其搭建了实验平台。实验结果验证了两种补偿方法的有效性和供电的可靠性,并对两种方法的特点进行了比较。     

一种两管径式脉动热管的流动与传热特性

为提高脉动热管的传热特性,提出了一种两管径式脉动热管结构,并基于质量、动量和能量守恒方程发展了适用的物理和数学模型。这种两管径式脉动热管对蒸发段和冷凝段取不同管径,两者的比值定义为直径比,应用上述理论模型分析了直径比对脉动热管运动规律和传热特性的影响。结果显示:采用两管径结构,可以有效提升脉动热管的自激振荡机制,特别是直径比小于1时的情况。而从传热特性而言,相比于传统等管径式脉动热管(直径比等于1),采用直径比小于1的结构可以使脉动热管的热阻明显减小,采用直径比大于1的结构却反而使传热特性下降。     

空间红外遥感相机制冷机微振动对MTF影响分析

空间红外遥感相机内部活动部件微振动载荷会引起相机光学元件产生刚体位移和面形变化,从而影响相机的在轨光学成像品质。文章基于某空间红外遥感相机内部扰振源的测试结果,建立了适用于微振动分析的相机精细有限元模型,经分析计算,确定了基于Zernike多项式曲面拟合和调制传递函数(MTF)分析的方法和流程;最后结合某空间红外遥感相机进行MTF影响分析,结果显示制冷机微振动对该相机MTF影响在工程可接受的范围内。