液体火箭发动机基于主要目标的减损与延寿控制方法

首先通过构造目标函数、提取约束条件与问题解的分析,对液体火箭发动机减损与延寿控制技术的优化问题进行了数学描述,然后以某大型液氧/煤油火箭发动机为对象,考虑其涡轮叶片为关键部件,研究了发动机起动过程减损控制律综合分析的主要目标法,并在不同的约束条件下,对实现不同意义下的减损控制进行了仿真计算.结果表明该方法可行且有效,能够有效实现系统性能与关键部件损伤间的权衡并实现预期的减损目标,结果为工程中液体火箭发动机的改进和优化设计提供了重要的参考价值.      

烧结多孔结构的渗透和流阻特性研究

为研究粉末冶金多孔结构的渗透性和流阻,以空气和氢气为介质进行了实验.实验显示微孔内流雷诺数低于1时,介质流量与穿过多孔结构的压降呈线性关系;当内流雷诺数高于1时,其流量与压降呈非线性特征.分析表明:传统的堆积床经验关系式将低估氢气和空气在烧结材料微孔中的流阻;相反,高估烧结多孔结构的渗透性能.并用粉末烧结结构的氢气和空气渗透实验数据拟合了多孔结构渗透率及摩擦阻力关联式.      

Optimal three-dimensional impact time guidance with seeker’s field-of-view constraint

This paper proposes a new three-dimensional optimal guidance law for impact time control with seeker’s Field-of-View (FOV) constraint to intercept a stationary target. The proposed guidance law is devised in conjunction with the concept of biased Proportional Navigation Guidance (PNG). The guidance law developed leverages a nonlinear function to ensure the boundedness of velocity lead angle to cater to the seeker’s FOV limit. It is proven that the impact time error is nullified in a finite-time under the proposed method. Additionally, the optimality of the biased command is theoretically analyzed. Numerical simulations confirm the superiority of the proposed method and validate the analytic findings.     

In-flight testing of the injection of the LISA Pathfinder test mass into a geodesic

LISA Pathfinder is a technology demonstrator space mission, aimed at testing key technologies for detecting gravitational waves in space. The mission is the precursor of LISA, the first space gravitational waves observatory, whose launch is scheduled for 2034. The LISA Pathfinder scientific payload includes two gravitational reference sensors (GRSs), each one containing a test mass (TM), which is the sensing body of the experiment. A mission critical task is to set each TM into a pure geodesic motion, i.e. guaranteeing an extremely low acceleration noise in the sub-Hertz frequency bandwidth. The grabbing positioning and release mechanism (GPRM), responsible for the injection of the TM into a geodesic trajectory, was widely tested on ground, with the limitations imposed by the 1-g environment. The experiments showed that the mechanism, working in its nominal conditions, is capable of releasing the TM into free-fall fulfilling the very strict constraint imposed on the TM residual velocity, in order to allow its capture on behalf of the electrostatic actuation.However, the first in-flight releases produced unexpected residual velocity components, for both the TMs. Moreover, all the residual velocity components were greater than maximum value set by the requirements. The main suspect is that unexpected contacts took place between the TM and the surroundings bodies. As a consequence, ad hoc manual release procedures had to be adopted for the few following injections performed during the nominal mission. These procedures still resulted in non compliant TM states which were captured only after impacts. However, such procedures seem not practicable for LISA, both for the limited repeatability of the system and for the unmanageable time lag of the telemetry/telecommand signals (about 4400 s). For this reason, at the end of the mission, the GPRM was deeply tested in-flight, performing a large number of releases, according to different strategies. The tests were carried out in order to understand the unexpected dynamics and limit its effects on the final injection. Some risk mitigation maneuvers have been tested aimed at minimizing the vibration of the system at the release and improving the alignment between the mechanism and the TM. However, no overall optimal release strategy to be implemented in LISA could be found, because the two GPRMs behaved differently.     

Effect of vapor condensation on ascending performance of stratospheric airship

This paper reports a numerical investigation on the effects of water vapor condensing inside the air bag of a stratospheric airship on its ascending performance. The kinetic and thermal model considering vapor condensation was established, based on which a computer program was written in Fortran. The simulation results show that the vapor condensation remarkably affects the kinetic and thermal characteristics of the stratospheric airship in the ascent process. During the ascent process below 11 km, a large amount of latent heat is released when the water vapor in the air inside the air bag of the stratospheric airship condenses, which results in the increase of the temperature and the reduction of the weight of the air in the air bag, causing the airship to speed up, the accelerated expansion of the helium, and the decrease of the helium temperature in the helium bag. When the flight altitude is higher than 11 km, the effect of vapor condensation on the kinetic and thermal characteristics of the stratospheric airship is negligible because vapor is virtually nonexistent in the air.     

对地指向偏差为约束的卫星平稳对日定向方法

传统以对地指向偏差为约束的对日定向方法在星-日、星-地连线的夹角达到极值后，卫星期望姿态会发生大幅度快速翻转，导致较大的峰值功耗和寿命损伤。针对该现象，提出了一种可使期望姿态平稳变化的以对地指向偏差为约束的对日定向方法，将卫星的期望姿态设置为绕一基准姿态周期性地旋转。在不显著牺牲对日定向效能的同时，既确保卫星期望对地轴与对地方向的夹角小于约束角，又使得卫星姿态总体平稳变化。数值仿真表明:所提出的平稳对日定向方法能够大幅降低卫星期望角速度的峰值，同时能够满足对日指向和对地指向的需求。      

小子样下导电滑环磨损失效仿真的可靠性评估研究

针对滑环失效数据较少的特点，构建导电滑环磨损失效模型，结合小子样数据处理法和随机性理论对滑环摩擦副进行可靠性评估研究。首先，考虑滑环摩擦副在热力电多场耦合环境下的特点，应用传热学、赫兹理论、能量守恒定律量化多场耦合对滑环摩擦副的影响，再结合Archard模型理论构建导电滑环摩擦副磨损失效模型。然后，采用小子样数据的虚拟增广法和Boot-strap法对仿真数据进行扩展，根据滑环磨损特征量分布规律分别得到随机失效阈值与固定阈值下的可靠度函数曲线，以某厂制造的导电滑环为例，进行滑环摩擦副可靠性评估，实验结果表明随机失效阈值下的可靠度与实际更接近。研究表明所构建的磨损模型和方法可以有效地对导电滑环进行可靠性评估，避免了传统的必须依赖大量试验数据的方法，解决了缺少滑环试验数据而难以进行可靠性评估的问题，填补了导电滑环可靠性研究的空白。     

轴流压气机一维特性计算方法简介及展望

一维特性计算作为压气机设计体系的关键环节，在压气机的初始设计阶段发挥了重要作用。作为一种高度经验化的工程近似计算方法，一维性能计算需要大量实验数据的支撑。从实验数据中总结得到的经验关联式的质量，是决定一维计算成功与否的关键。在充分调研欧美以级叠加方法和平均线方法为主的一维性能分析方法的基础上，回顾了轴流压气机一维特性计算方法的起源，讨论了其发展趋势与研究现状。对一维特性计算方法的基本原理及其所使用的经典经验关联式进行了整理总结，指明了压气机一维性能分析未来进一步发展的方向。     

An annual variation analysis of the ionospheric spatial gradient over a regional area for GNSS applications

An ionospheric spatial gradient represents the ionosphere delay difference between different locations, and its variation over a specific area is important for implementing differential GNSS systems. An estimation method for the ionospheric spatial gradient over a small regional area is proposed. A plate map model is implemented for the direct estimation of the gradients. Nine years of GPS data were processed to figure out the annual variation of the mean gradient at the mid-geomagnetic latitude of 30° N. Gradients along the north–south direction have a mean of 0.65 mm/km and follow solar-cycle variations.