Research on constellation refueling based on formation flying

A new scheme for refueling satellite constellation is proposed in this paper. Compared with the traditional research, where the satellite refueling is implemented through spacecraft rendezvous and docking, the new pattern studied here is based on formation flying, and it is more feasible, safer and more reliable. On the grounds of the proposed pattern, two refueling strategies are studied. The first is called single supplier refueling (SSR) based on formation flying. In this scenario, one fuel-sufficient satellite called a supplier, departs from its parking orbit, and after a series of orbit maneuvers, arrives at the target constellation that consists of multiple fuel-deficient satellites called workers. It then transfers equal fuel to each worker within the prescribed mission time. The second strategy is called double suppliers refueling (DSR) based on formation flying. This time two suppliers take charge of refueling half of the workers respectively in the same way as SSR. Using a genetic algorithm, the orbit of a supplier with a minimum consumption of fuel can be obtained once the mission time is fixed. Simulation results indicate that DSR is superior to SSR and that this dominance will be more distinct as the number of workers increases and the mission time decreases.     

Interaction of mental and orthostatic stressors

We assessed hemodynamic responses induced by orthostatic and mental stressors, using passive head up tilt (HUT) and mental arithmetic (MA), respectively. The 15 healthy males underwent three protocols: (1) HUT alone, (2) MA in supine position and (3) MA+HUT, with sessions randomized and ≥2 weeks apart. In relation to baseline, HUT increased heart rate (HR) (+20.4±7.1 bpm; p<0.001), mean blood pressure (MBP) (+4.7±11.3 mmHg; p<0.05), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (+6.1±11.6 mmHg; p<0.05) and total peripheral resistance (TPR) (+155±232 dyne*s/cm⁵; p<0.001) but decreased stroke volume (SV) (?33.1±13.4 ml; p<0.001) and cardiac output (CO) (?0.6±1.0 l/min; p<0.01). MA increased HR (+8.0±6.0 bpm; p<0.001), systolic blood pressure (SBP) (+9.0±7.7 mmHg; p<0.001), MBP (+10.0±6.5 mmHg; p<0.001), DBP (+9.5±7.2 mmHg; p<0.001) and CO (+0.6±0.8 l/min; p<0.01). MA+HUT increased HR (+28.8±8.4 bpm; p<0.001), SBP (+4.6±14.3 mmHg; p<0.05), MBP (+11.2±11.6 mmHg; p<0.001), DBP (+13.5±10.1 mmHg; p<0.001) and TPR (+160±199 dyne*s/cm⁵; p<0.001) but SV (?34.5±14.6 ml; p<0.001) decreased. Mental challenge during orthostatic challenge elicited greater increases in heart rate, despite similar reductions in stroke volume such as those during orthostatic stress alone. Overall, cardiac output decreases were less with combinations of mental and orthostatic challenges in comparison to orthostasis alone. This would suggest that carefully chosen mental stressors might affect orthostatic responses of people on standing up. Therefore, additional mental loading could be a useful countermeasure to alleviate the orthostatic responses of persons, particularly in those with histories of dizziness on standing up or on return to earth from the spaceflight environment of microgravity.     

Responsibility,capability, and Active SETI: Policy,law, ethics,and communication with extraterrestrial intelligence

With recently growing interest in the Active Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI), in which humankind would send intentional signals to extraterrestrial civilizations, there have been increased concerns about appropriate policy, as well as the role of space law and ethics in guiding such activities. Implicit in these discussions are notions of responsibility and capability that affect judgments about whether humans or other civilizations should initiate transmissions. Existing protocols that guide SETI research address transmissions from Earth, but there is debate over whether these guidelines should inform de novo transmissions as well. Relevant responsibilities to address include (1) looking out for the interests of humankind as a whole, (2) being truthful in interstellar messages, and (3) benefiting extraterrestrial civilizations. Our capabilities as a species and a civilization affect how well we can fulfill responsibilities, as seen when we consider whether we will be able to reach consensus about message contents (and whether that would be desirable), and whether we have the capacity to decode messages from beings that rely on different sensory modalities. The interplay of these responsibilities and capabilities suggests that humankind should place increased emphasis on Active SETI.     

打造河北省生态园型农业特色产业集群研究

农业特色产业作为新的经济增长点,并且日益成为目前农村经济发展面临的新课题和拉动内需的新机遇。同时也应该看到,由于长期不合理的盲目开发等原因,农业生态环境恶化和自然资源紧缺的问题日益严峻,生态农业问题的提出是农业经济可持续发展的必然。本文结合河北省农业特色产业的发展现状,总结其存在的问题,分析河北省农业特色产业集群的可行性,进而提出以增长极理论为理论基础,构建生态园型的农业特色产业集群的相关建议。     

高超声速风洞现代试验设计方法研究

现代试验设计（Modern Design of Experiments,MDOE）方法是提升风洞试验效率的一种重要技术途径。基于拉丁超立方的现代试验设计方法尽管理论效率很高,但其设计的随机采样点在与风洞模型姿态自动控制系统配合时,实际效率会显著下降。根据现有风洞试验设备控制系统走刀特点,针对多变量风洞试验设计需求,提出一种基于分层拉丁超立方的现代风洞试验设计方法,并将其应用于马赫数6的风洞模型的二变量试验和三变量试验设计。在满足精度的情况下,将MDOE方法与传统试验设计（One Factor at A Time,OFAT）方法进行对比,结果表明:二变量试验中,MDOE方法仅需OFAT方法20%左右的样本量;三变量试验中,MDOE方法仅需OFAT方法30%左右的样本量。与经典拉丁超立方试验设计方法相比,本文所发展的分层拉丁超立方试验设计方法结合现有风洞试验设备,可有效减少试验车次,提高试验效率,缩短试验周期。     

一种深度强化学习制导控制一体化算法

研究了一种基于深度强化学习理论的制导控制一体化算法。不同于传统的制导控制一体化算法和制导控制回路分开设计的方法,基于深度强化学习理论的制导控制一体化算法利用深度学习强化算法生成一个智能体,智能体根据导弹的观测量生成舵偏角控制指令准确拦截目标。首先将制导控制问题转化为一个马尔可夫决策过程,然后提出了一个权衡制导精度、能量损耗和飞行时间的奖励函数,将制导控制问题转化到强化学习问题的框架中。最后采用深度确定性策略梯度算法,求解提出的强化学习问题,训练得到制导控制智能体,智能体根据导弹观测量生成舵偏角指令。通过进行大量的数值模拟,验证了提出的制导控制一体化算法的有效性和鲁棒性。     

不确定条件下采用协方差描述函数法的再入轨迹鲁棒优化

Uncertainties are taken into account in reentry trajectory optimization and a robust trajectory optimization model is constructed based on the robust optimization theory. There are computational difficulties in solving this robust trajectory optimization problem due to the random variables associated with the uncertainties. To overcome these difficulties, the covariance analysis describing function technique (CADET) is employed to convert the robust trajectory optimization model into an equivalent deterministic trajectory optimization formulation, which is then solvable by using the existing pseudo spectral method. In the case study, a robust reentry trajectory optimization problem considering the uncertainties of aerodynamic parameters is solved to obtain the robust optimal trajectories. By comparing with the traditional deterministic optimal trajectories, the robust optimal trajectories are significantly less sensitive to the uncertainties of aerodynamic parameters, showing the effectiveness of the presented method.      

一种小波神经网络与遗传算法结合的优化方法

提出一种基于小波神经网络(简称WNN)与Pareto遗传算法相结合的优化方法,并用于内流的数值流场优化计算.小波神经网络由输入层、隐含层和输出层组成.在隐含层用Morlet小波母函数取代了误差反向传播(BP)神经网络中常用的Sigmoid激励函数.Pareto遗传算法具有很好的全局寻优能力和良好的优化效率,在通常情况下它总可以得到均匀分布的Pareto最优解集.典型算例表明:该算法快速、高效,能高精度的完成非线性函数的逼近与映射,其泛化能力很强.      

合成射流激励器阵列对共轴射流掺混的影响

分别对单列和多列合成射流激励器控制共轴射流掺混流场进行了详细的二维非定常数值模拟,通过对其温度场分布和掺混过程进行分析,探讨激励器阵列进行掺混控制的机理.在研究过程中,考虑了相邻合成射流的影响.结果表明,激励器的采用使得整个流场的非定常性增强、湍流度增大,从而增强了共轴射流及其与周围流体间的掺混;两列激励器较单列激励器相比,前者具有更强的控制能力,这主要是由于相邻合成射流比单个合成射流有着更显著作用力的缘故.