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851.
A. T. Y. Lui 《Space Science Reviews》2011,158(1):43-68
Electric currents permeate space plasmas and often have a significant component along the magnetic field to form magnetic
flux ropes. A larger spatial perspective of these structures than from the direct observation along the satellite path is
crucial in visualizing their role in plasma dynamics. For magnetic flux ropes that are approximately two-dimensional equilibrium
structures on a certain plane, Grad-Shafranov reconstruction technique, developed by Bengt Sonnerup and his colleagues (see
Sonnerup et al. in J. Geophys. Res. 111:A09204, 2006), can be used to reveal two-dimensional maps of associated plasma and field parameters. This review gives a brief account
of the technique and its application to magnetic flux ropes near the Earth’s magnetopause, in the solar wind, and in the magnetotail.
From this brief survey, the ranges of the total field-aligned current and the total magnetic flux content for these magnetic
flux ropes are assessed. The total field-aligned current is found to range from ∼0.14 to ∼9.7×104 MA, a range of nearly six orders of magnitude. The total magnetic flux content is found to range from ∼0.25 to ∼2.3×106 MWb, a range of nearly seven orders of magnitude. To the best of our knowledge, this review reports the largest range of
both the total field-aligned current and the total magnetic flux content for magnetic flux ropes in space plasmas. 相似文献
852.
G.D. Aburjania K.Z. Chargazia O.A. Kharshiladze 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2013
The linear mechanism of generation, intensification and further nonlinear dynamics of internal gravity waves (IGW) in stably stratified dissipative ionosphere with non-uniform zonal wind (shear flow) is studied. In case of the shear flows the operators of linear problem are non-selfadjoint, and the corresponding Eigen functions – nonorthogonal. Thus, canonical – modal approach is of less use studying such motions. Non-modal mathematical analysis becomes more adequate for such problems. On the basis of non-modal approach, the equations of dynamics and the energy transfer of IGW disturbances in the ionosphere with a shear flow is obtained. Exact analytical solutions of the linear as well as the nonlinear dynamic equations of the problem are built. The increment of shear instability of IGW is defined. It is revealed that the transient amplification of IGW disturbances due time does not flow exponentially, but in algebraic – power law manner. The effectiveness of the linear amplification mechanism of IGW at interaction with non-uniform zonal wind is analyzed. It is shown that at initial linear stage of evolution IGW effectively temporarily draws energy from the shear flow significantly increasing (by an order of magnitude) own amplitude and energy. With amplitude growth the nonlinear mechanism turns on and the process ends with self-organization of nonlinear solitary, strongly localized IGW vortex structures (the monopole vortex, the transverse vortex chain or the longitudinal vortex street). Accumulation of these vortices in the ionospheric medium can create the strongly turbulent state. 相似文献
853.
R. M. Millan M. P. McCarthy J. G. Sample D. M. Smith L. D. Thompson D. G. McGaw L. A. Woodger J. G. Hewitt M. D. Comess K. B. Yando A. X. Liang B. A. Anderson N. R. Knezek W. Z. Rexroad J. M. Scheiman G. S. Bowers A. J. Halford A. B. Collier M. A. Clilverd R. P. Lin M. K. Hudson 《Space Science Reviews》2013,179(1-4):503-530
BARREL is a multiple-balloon investigation designed to study electron losses from Earth’s Radiation Belts. Selected as a NASA Living with a Star Mission of Opportunity, BARREL augments the Radiation Belt Storm Probes mission by providing measurements of relativistic electron precipitation with a pair of Antarctic balloon campaigns that will be conducted during the Austral summers (January-February) of 2013 and 2014. During each campaign, a total of 20 small (~20 kg) stratospheric balloons will be successively launched to maintain an array of ~5 payloads spread across ~6 hours of magnetic local time in the region that magnetically maps to the radiation belts. Each balloon carries an X-ray spectrometer to measure the bremsstrahlung X-rays produced by precipitating relativistic electrons as they collide with neutrals in the atmosphere, and a DC magnetometer to measure ULF-timescale variations of the magnetic field. BARREL will provide the first balloon measurements of relativistic electron precipitation while comprehensive in situ measurements of both plasma waves and energetic particles are available, and will characterize the spatial scale of precipitation at relativistic energies. All data and analysis software will be made freely available to the scientific community. 相似文献
854.
Negative effect of cosmic ray particles is a serious danger for astronauts and onboard equipment. When planning interplanetary
flights it becomes one of the main obstacles. The aim of this work is to analyze currently available methods of protecting
spacecraft against cosmic rays using magnetic fields and to choose the most effective method. Three variants of protection
systems were considered, two of which had been described in scientific literature: with azimuth and axial magnetic filed.
The third, more general method (with helical magnetic field) is suggested here for the first time. The first two variants
are extreme special cases of the third one. The exact solution is obtained for the problem of motion of a charged relativistic
particle in the helical magnetic field, and a criterion of particle reflection is determined. A comparative analysis of reflection
characteristics of the chosen systems has been performed, and the conclusion about the optimal configuration of the magnetic
protection is drawn. 相似文献
855.
The investigation of stability and precision of the previously proposed implicit scheme of direct integration for the finite
element equations of motion is presented. The scheme parameter values that ensure its unconditional stability in the nonlinear
problems are determined and comparison with existing procedures is given. 相似文献
856.
T. Z. Gimadieva 《Russian Aeronautics (Iz VUZ)》2009,52(1):37-40
A mathematical model of motion for a string of liferafts being water dropped is presented under the assumption of a plane system motion. An example of calculations is given. 相似文献
857.
V. S. Moiseev D. S. Gushchina A. N. Kozar G. E. Borzov 《Russian Aeronautics (Iz VUZ)》2009,52(2):221-227
Using formalism of the queueing theory, we propose two-objective models for optimizing the number of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) designed for remote monitoring (reconnaissance) of certain regions. A model that takes into account the UAV failure in performing a flight mission is considered. The numerical method and examples of solving problems stated are presented. 相似文献
858.
R. A. Bortnikov 《Russian Aeronautics (Iz VUZ)》2009,52(2):245-249
Alignment charts that make it possible to select a standard size of inert heatexchanger structures with specified output characteristics and a developed scheme of the low-temperature aerosol generator are presented. 相似文献
859.
An effect of the Coriolis forces on the process of gas expansion in the turbine stage is considered. Expressions for efficiency with regard for the radial flow passage are derived. The calculation results and statistical data on the geometric parameters of diagonal stages are presented. 相似文献
860.
N. A. Gureeva 《Russian Aeronautics (Iz VUZ)》2009,52(2):138-144
In the framework of a plane problem of elasticity theory in strength analysis based on the finite element method in the hybrid formulation, we suggest that the approximation of displacements and stresses be used as magnitudes of vector and tensor fields, respectively. The quadrilateral finite element, the displacements and stresses of which are accepted as nodal unknowns is proposed. The mixed Reissner functional is applied to form a finite element deformation matrix. 相似文献