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981.
The ultimate goal of a comprehensive life detection strategy is never to miss life when we encounter it. To accomplish this goal, we must define life in universal, that is, non-Earthcentric, measurable terms. Next, we must understand the nature of biosignatures observed from the measured parameters of life. And finally, we must have a clear idea of the end-member states for the search--what does life, past life, or no life look like (in terms of the measured parameters) at multiple spatial and temporal scales? If we can approach these problems both in the laboratory and in the field on Earth, then we have a chance of being able to detect life elsewhere in our solar system. What are the required limits of detection at each of those scales? What spatial, spectral, and temporal resolutions are necessary to detect life? These questions are actively being investigated in our group, and in this report, we present our strategy and approach to non-Earthcentric life detection. 相似文献
982.
We propose using large Air Cerenkov telescopes (ACTs) to search for optical, pulsed signals from extraterrestrial intelligence. Such dishes collect tens of photons from a nanosecond-scale pulse of isotropic equivalent power of tens of solar luminosities at a distance of 100 pc. The field of view for giant ACTs can be on the order of 10 square degrees, and they will be able to monitor 10-100 stars simultaneously for nanosecond pulses of about 6th magnitude or brighter. Using the Earth's diameter as a baseline, orbital motion of the planet could be detected by timing the pulse arrivals. 相似文献
983.
Following an enthusiastic start in 1985, ESA's life support technology development programme was re-assessed in the mid- to late-1990s to reflect the strong reduction in European manned space ambitions which occurred at that time. Further development was essentially restricted to activities that could constitute ISS upgrades or enhancements, or support ISS utilisation/operations, together with a single, limited, activity (MELISSA) aimed at bioregenerative life support, in the continuing hope that there might be "life after Station". The paper describes the current status of these activities and summarises the main priorities for future development that were identified at the April 1999 Workshop on Advanced Life Support. 相似文献
984.
The dynamics of dust particles in the solar system is dominated by solar gravity, by solar radiation pressure, or by electromagnetic interaction of charged dust grains with the interplanetary magnetic field. For micron-sized or bigger dust particles solar gravity leads to speeds of about 30 to 40 km s–1 at the Earths distance. Smaller particles that are generated close to the Sun and for which radiation pressure is dominant (the ratio of radiation pressure force over gravity F
rad/F
grav is generally termed ) are driven out of the solar system on hyperbolic orbits. Such a flow of -meteoroids has been observed by the Pioneer 8, 9 and Ulysses spaceprobes. Dust particles in interplanetary space are electrically charged to typically +5 V by the photo effect from solar UV radiation. The dust detector on Cassini for the first time measured the dust charge directly. The dynamics of dust particles smaller than about 0.1 m is dominated by the electromagnetic interaction with the ambient magnetic field. Effects of the solar wind magnetic field on interstellar grains passing through the solar system have been observed. Nanometer sized dust stream particles have been found which were accelerated by Jupiters magnetic field to speeds of about 300 km s–1. 相似文献
985.
Cometary nuclei consist of ices intermixed with dust grains and are thought to be the least modified solar system bodies remaining
from the time of planetary formation. Flyby missions to Comet P/Halley in 1986 showed that cometary dust is extremely rich
in organics (∼50% by mass). However, this proportion appears to be variable among different comets. In comparison with the
CI-chondritic abundances, the volatile elements H, C, and N are enriched in cometary dust indicating that cometary solid material
is more primitive than CI-chondrites. Relative to dust in dense molecular clouds, bulk cometary dust preserves the abundances
of C and N, but exhibits depletions in O and H. In most cases, the carbonaceous component of cometary particles can be characterized
as a multi-component mixture of carbon phases and organic compounds. Cluster analysis identified a few basic types of compounds,
such as elemental carbon, hydrocarbons, polymers of carbon suboxide and of cyanopolyynes. In smaller amounts, polymers of
formaldehyde, of hydrogen cyanide and various unsaturated nitriles also are present. These compositionally simple types, probably,
are essential "building blocks", which in various combinations give rise to the variety of involatile cometary organics.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
986.
This work intends to design, analyze and solve, from the systems control perspective, a complex, dynamic, and multiconstrained planning system for generating training plans for crew members of the NASA-led International Space Station. Various intelligent planning systems have been developed within the framework of artificial intelligence. These planning systems generally lack a rigorous mathematical formalism to allow a reliable and flexible methodology for their design, modeling, and performance analysis in a dynamical, time-critical, and multiconstrained environment. Formulating the planning problem in the domain of discrete-event systems under a unified framework such that it can be modeled, designed, and analyzed as a control system will provide a self-contained theory for such planning systems. This will also provide a means to certify various planning systems for operations in the dynamical and complex environments in space. The work presented here completes the design, development, and analysis of an intricate, large-scale, and representative mathematical formulation for intelligent control of a real planning system for Space Station crew training. This planning system has been tested and used at NASA-Johnson Space Center 相似文献
987.
Thomas W. Becker 《Space Policy》1993,9(1)
The subject of space education is attracting increasing attention, but there are diverging views as to how it should be approached, as can be seen from the following two reports of Education Remote Sensing '92, a conference held in Cardiff, Wales, 28–30 June 1992. 相似文献
988.
C. Done 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1993,13(12):211-219
The X-ray properties of Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) support recent theories which unify the Seyfert 1 nuclei with the Seyfert 2's and radio-quiet quasars. In these objects the underlying spectrum is strongly distorted by the effects of reflection from the accretion flow and by absorption in partially ionised material. These obscure any intrinsic changes in the spectrum, making it difficult (though not impossible) to constrain the nature of the emission process. Conversely, there is no evidence for either of these spectral distortions in the radio-loud AGN, supporting the hypothesis that the X-rays are dominated by beamed emission from the relativistic jet. 相似文献
989.
T. J. -L. Courvoisier A. Orr P. Bü hler A. Zchnder R. Henneck F. Stauffacher J. Biakhowski N. Schlumpf W. Schoeps A. Mchedlishvili R. Sunyaev V. Arefev A. Yascovich G. Babalyan M. Pavlinsky J. P. Delaboudini re T. Carone O. Siegmund J. Warren D. Leahy N. Salaschenko J. Platonov 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1993,13(12):299-302
EUVITA is a set of 8 extreme UV normal incidence imaging telescopes, each of them sensitive in a narrow band (λ/Δλ = 15 to 80), centered at wavelengths between 50 and 175 Å. Each telescope has an effective area of a few cm2; a field of view of 1.2° and a spatial resolution of 10 arcsec.
EUVITA will be flown on the Russian mission SPECTRUM X-G. This satellite will be launched in a highly eccentric orbit with a period of 4 days, allowing long, uninterrupted observations (e.g. 105 seconds). EUVITA's narrow spectral bands allow the measurement of source parameters such as temperature or power law index as well as interstellar absorption, and will resolve groups of strong lines emitted by optically thin hot plasmas. 相似文献
990.
C. De Jager 《Space Science Reviews》1993,66(1-4):7-19
The paper gives a summary of the situation mid-1993 of theory and observations regarding massive stars. I describe: stellar mass loss and its implications, pre-main-sequence evolution, the main sequence, problems of atmospheric instability, Luminous Blue Supergiants, Yellow Hypergiants, Wolf-Rayet stars and supernovae. 相似文献