一种无陀螺捷联惯导系统角速度解算组合算法

无陀螺捷联惯导系统仅利用加速度计就可完成惯性测量与导航,然而采用积分法解算载体的角速度时误差积累严重,发散迅速。文章采用一种常用的九加速度计配置方案,设计一种积分法补偿算法,并针对其初始时段误差过大的问题提出了一种组合算法。仿真验证能有效地抑制解算误差的发散,提高了解算精度。     

基于模糊相似比例与综合评判的发动机可靠性分配

为了在可靠性指标分配时能充分利用相似旧机型已有的可靠性信息,提出在航空发动机初期设计的可靠性分配阶段采用模糊相似比例与模糊综合评判相结合的可靠性指标分配方法.该方法既能充分利用相似旧机型的可靠性数据,同时又能通过模糊综合评判,对基于相似旧机型的可靠性比例分配结果进行修正,实现了在可靠性分配阶段确定性信息和不确定信息的互补,进一步优化了可靠性分配结果.      

Structure of a two-phase flow of boiling water at low-head adiabatic efflux through the laval nozzle

The critical flow conditions and structural forms of a two-phase flow that is formed during water efflux from the region of moderate and low pressures into a rarefied medium are analyzed. The difference in the structural forms of a flow realized at the low-head efflux from the structure of a flow occurring in the fluid flow with moderate and high initial pressures is established. The critical pressure differential characterizing the establishment of the maximum flowrate is determined and the decisive influence of turbulence on the vapor phase generation and flow conditions of a two-phase medium is shown.     

A Comparative Study of the Influence of the Active Young Sun on the Early Atmospheres of Earth, Venus, and Mars

Because the solar radiation and particle environment plays a major role in all atmospheric processes such as ionization, dissociation, heating of the upper atmospheres, and thermal and non-thermal atmospheric loss processes, the long-time evolution of planetary atmospheres and their water inventories can only be understood within the context of the evolving Sun. We compare the effect of solar induced X-ray and EUV (XUV) heating on the upper atmospheres of Earth, Venus and Mars since the time when the Sun arrived at the Zero-Age-Main-Sequence (ZAMS) about 4.6 Gyr ago. We apply a diffusive-gravitational equilibrium and thermal balance model for studying heating of the early thermospheres by photodissociation and ionization processes, due to exothermic chemical reactions and cooling by IR-radiating molecules like CO₂, NO, OH, etc. Our model simulations result in extended thermospheres for early Earth, Venus and Mars. The exospheric temperatures obtained for all the three planets during this time period lead to diffusion-limited hydrodynamic escape of atomic hydrogen and high Jeans’ escape rates for heavier species like H₂, He, C, N, O, etc. The duration of this blow-off phase for atomic hydrogen depends essentially on the mixing ratios of CO₂, N₂ and H₂O in the atmospheres and could last from ∼100 to several hundred million years. Furthermore, we study the efficiency of various non-thermal atmospheric loss processes on Venus and Mars and investigate the possible protecting effect of the early martian magnetosphere against solar wind induced ion pick up erosion. We find that the early martian magnetic field could decrease the ion-related non-thermal escape rates by a great amount. It is possible that non-magnetized early Mars could have lost its whole atmosphere due to the combined effect of its extended upper atmosphere and a dense solar wind plasma flow of the young Sun during about 200 Myr after the Sun arrived at the ZAMS. Depending on the solar wind parameters, our model simulations for early Venus show that ion pick up by strong solar wind from a non-magnetized planet could erode up to an equivalent amount of ∼250 bar of O⁺ ions during the first several hundred million years. This accumulated loss corresponds to an equivalent mass of ∼1 terrestrial ocean (TO (1 TO ∼1.39×10²⁴ g or expressed as partial pressure, about 265 bar, which corresponds to ∼2900 m average depth)). Finally, we discuss and compare our findings with the results of preceding studies.     

Fe/O Ratios in Interplanetary Shock Accelerated Particles

It is widely accepted that diffusive shock acceleration is an important process in the heliosphere, in particular in producing the energetic particles associated with interplanetary shocks driven by coronal mass ejections. In its simplest formulation shock acceleration is expected to accelerate ions with higher mass to charge ratios less efficiently than those with lower mass to charge. Thus it is anticipated that the Fe/O ratio in shock-accelerated ion populations will decrease with increasing energy above some energy. We examine the circumstances of five interplanetary shocks that have been reported to have associated populations in which Fe/O increases with increasing energy. In each event, the situation is complex, with particle contributions from other sources in addition to the shock. Furthermore, we show that the Fe/O ratio in shock-accelerated ions can decrease even when the shock is traveling through an Fe-rich ambient ion population. Thus, although shock acceleration of an Fe-rich suprathermal population has been proposed to explain large Fe-rich solar particle events, we find no support for this proposal in these observations.     

Solar Sources of Heliospheric Energetic Electron Events—Shocks or Flares?

Electrons with near-relativistic (E≳30 keV, NrR) and relativistic (E≳0.3 MeV) energies are often observed as discrete events in the inner heliosphere following solar transient activity. Several acceleration mechanisms have been proposed for the production of those electrons. One candidate is acceleration at MHD shocks driven by coronal mass ejections (CMEs) with speeds ≳1000 km s⁻¹. Many NrR electron events are temporally associated only with flares while others are associated with flares as well as with CMEs or with radio type II shock waves. Since CME onsets and associated flares are roughly simultaneous, distinguishing the sources of electron events is a serious challenge. On a phenomenological basis two classes of solar electron events were known several decades ago, but recent observations have presented a more complex picture. We review early and recent observational results to deduce different electron event classes and their viable acceleration mechanisms, defined broadly as shocks versus flares. The NrR and relativistic electrons are treated separately. Topics covered are: solar electron injection delays from flare impulsive phases; comparisons of electron intensities and spectra with flares, CMEs and accompanying solar energetic proton (SEP) events; multiple spacecraft observations; two-phase electron events; coronal flares; shock-associated (SA) events; electron spectral invariance; and solar electron intensity size distributions. This evidence suggests that CME-driven shocks are statistically the dominant acceleration mechanism of relativistic events, but most NrR electron events result from flares. Determining the solar origin of a given NrR or relativistic electron event remains a difficult proposition, and suggestions for future work are given.     

形状记忆合金混杂复合材料的设计与制备

形状记忆合金偏心埋入到复合材料层板中可以构成可变形复合材料,并且其在航空航天、工业生产中具有广泛的应用前景.可变形复合材料的主要性能受到形状记忆合金的特性以及制备工艺的制约,可采用单向弯曲、推挽结构和扭曲结构等方法进行设计.通过对形状记忆合金的记忆处理及表面处理,根据形状记忆合金的铺入方式设计,可以制备可变形复合材料试件,这种方法可以为工业生产提供技术参考.     

纳米校准与测试——基于纳米测量机的试验性研究

主要介绍了基于纳米测量机的高阶梯差台阶标准样板和深沟槽深度标准样板计量测试和校准工作研究,包括在NMM上对两种标准样板进行计量测试和校准、在NMM上安装不同的探测传感器时纳米级深度标准样板和台阶高度样板的校准比较、以及在研航空基金项目"在NMM上实现小型非球面的坐标扫描轮廓测量方法".     

硬支承动平衡机通用微机化电测系统的研究

论述了一种以IBM-PC为主机的微机化通用硬支承动平衡机电测系统的实现方法。系统采用了先进的硬软件结合技术,寻求达到高精度、多功能、易操作和低成本的总体目标。为了满足不同用户的需求,系统具有多种支承方式、多种显示方式、多种补偿方式、多次启动平均、多面校正计算、多和打印方式以及自动标定和留言服务等功能．     

双肋式微型气动阀的数值计算与实验

 针对现有微型三角阀效率低的问题,提出双肋式气动阀这一新型微阀,通过两级带圆弧过渡的收敛形肋条,在减小正向气流压力损失的同时,引导逆向气流分为3股后再呈“Y”形汇聚,产生强烈的相互撞击而抵消部分动能,从而减小逆向流量以提高效率。通过数值计算对双肋式气动阀的作用原理进行了分析与验证;加工了特征尺寸为1 mm的三角阀、梯形阀与双肋阀实验件,并设计了相应的实验方案,在微流体实验平台上进行了对比实验。结果表明双肋阀能大幅提高效率：对不可压流,双肋阀可将效率从普通阀的2%～3%提升至14%左右;对可压流,双肋阀能将效率从2%提升至约13%。