航天运载器磁悬浮助推发射关键技术

以航天运输为背景,研究了磁悬浮助推发射的磁悬浮、直线电机、空气动力影响和运载器分离发射等关键技术问题.通过磁悬浮系统比较,确定高温超导体EDS(Electrodynamic Suspension)系统是适合的磁悬浮技术方案,在单元静、动态实验测试基础上,研究其基本静态悬浮导向性能和刚度、阻尼特性,并建立缩比研究试验平台以评估磁悬浮系统的综合性能.通过分析2种直线电机类型及优缺点,确定双边感应直线电机是适合磁悬浮发射系统的一种直线电机加速方式,并确定脉冲磁流体发电的能量供给方案.通过磁悬浮发射空气动力影响分析,优化设计磁悬浮发射装置气动外形和气动布局,得出其基本气动特性,并提出利于实现系统俯仰力矩平衡的气动翼控制方案.研究了运载器同时滑离导轨式定向器分离发射方案,并通过动静法计算分析得出运载器从定向器滑轨上成功分离所需具备的基本动力学参数.      

充气可展天线精度分析和形面调整

充气可展天线结构是以柔性薄膜材料制造的一种新型可展天线.对一类充气可展开天线系统进行结构设计,并相应地建立了充气结构的有限元分析模型.对充气反射面进行了精度分析,研究各参数对形面精度的影响,包括内压、膜材厚度、材料属性、天线焦距等;比较了3种实验姿态下重力对形面的影响,选择其中一种能够很好地模拟失重环境;针对特定的天线结构系统,提出了可行的形面调整新方法.分析和实验表明,调整方法能够有效提高形面精度.      

空间交会对接CCD光学成像敏感器光学特性

以辐射度量为标准,建立了CCD像机探测合作目标光功率模型以及功率方程,得到了所需合作目标光功率与CCD像机参数的制约关系,分析了CCD像机探测到光点所占像元数与传输距离之间的关系。用超焦距方法解决了CCD像机对有限远距离范围内工作时的成像清晰度问题,采用了像方远心光路设计解决了系统测量精度问题。研究了太阳光进入CCD像机视场和照射对接口反射后对CCD像机产生的影响。     

2000年和2001年52°N地区OI5577气辉强度与原子氧浓度峰值的时间变化特征

分析了2000年和2001年期间52°N地区OI5577气辉强度的夜间变化特征和季节变化特征．利用由 OI5577气辉强度反演原子氧浓度峰值的方法反演出原子氧浓度的峰值,分析了峰值的夜间变化特征和季节变化特征．结果表明, OI5577气辉强度的夜间变化特征随季节变化, 2000年春季的夜间强度最大值出现在0000LT 之后,夏季和秋季的出现在0000LT之前,冬季的出现在0000LT,2001年春季和秋季的夜间强度最大值出现在0000LT之前,夏季和冬季的出现在0000LT;OI5577气辉强度在2000年2月份,8月份和10月份出现最大值,在2001年9月份有最大值．就主要特征而言,反演出的原子氧浓度峰值的夜间变化特征和季节变化特征分别与OI5577气辉强度的一致．     

Simulation Techniques for Cosmological Simulations

Modern cosmological observations allow us to study in great detail the evolution and history of the large scale structure hierarchy. The fundamental problem of accurate constraints on the cosmological parameters, within a given cosmological model, requires precise modelling of the observed structure. In this paper we briefly review the current most effective techniques of large scale structure simulations, emphasising both their advantages and shortcomings. Starting with basics of the direct N-body simulations appropriate to modelling cold dark matter evolution, we then discuss the direct-sum technique GRAPE, particle-mesh (PM) and hybrid methods, combining the PM and the tree algorithms. Simulations of baryonic matter in the Universe often use hydrodynamic codes based on both particle methods that discretise mass, and grid-based methods. We briefly describe Eulerian grid methods, and also some variants of Lagrangian smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) methods.     

绳驱动机器人的解耦分析和位置控制仿真

为提高机器人的负载能力,基于几何分析和螺旋理论的基本原理,对绳驱动 拟人臂机器人的构型设计、钢绳传动方式和运动学控制问题进行了深入的分析.首先针对绳 驱动走线方式的多样性选择,设计了一种具有肘、腕关节耦合和肩、肘关节耦合的绳驱动传 动机构;然后以肩、肘、腕7-DOF关节为中间媒介对机器人末端和驱动钢绳间的运动学关系 进行了分析,即先考虑机器人末端位姿和各关节角度之间的关系,再研究各关节角度和其相 应的驱动钢绳绳长之间的关系,从而得到绳驱动机器人的运动学解;最后进行了仿真研究. 仿真结果显示机器人的关节角度和绳长变化曲线十分平滑,末端的实际轨迹跟踪理想轨迹的 误差非常微小,说明建议的算法正确,绳驱动机器人运行理想,可以有效克服常规机器 人自重过大带来的负面影响.      

车身逆向设计中点云多视拼合技术

针对整车车身点云空间尺寸较大,数据量庞大,还原精度要求高等特点,提出基于骨架点的点云拼合算法,算法的基本思想是构造整车模型的骨架点和分块点云的mark点,由全等三角形法则搜索骨架点与mark点的映射关系,应用加速迭代的改进ICP(Iterative Closest Point)算法拼合整车点云.某厂轻卡整车点云的拼合实例证明,该算法拼合精度高,运算速度快,是拼合整车点云行之有效的方法.      

层流平板摩擦阻力的数值计算

为提高层流摩擦阻力数值计算的精度,采用数值求解N-S方程的方法,对层流平板摩擦阻力进行了计算.计算中采用4种先进上风格式,同时配合以14种不同的壁面法向网格分布和5种常用限制器,并将计算结果与布拉修斯解进行对比.结果表明,van Leer的FVS(Flux Vector Splitting)格式数值耗散大,对网格分布和限制器敏感,不适合用于摩擦阻力计算.限制器和计算格式的粘性分辨率越高,摩擦阻力的计算精度越高.在计算量允许的情况下,可以减小壁面法向第1层网格高度,以提高计算精度,但应同时兼顾网格长宽比.对于摩擦阻力计算,边界层内应至少布置4个网格点.      

Particle Acceleration Mechanisms

In this paper we review the possible mechanisms for production of non-thermal electrons which are responsible for the observed non-thermal radiation in clusters of galaxies. Our primary focus is on non-thermal Bremsstrahlung and inverse Compton scattering, that produce hard X-ray emission. We first give a brief review of acceleration mechanisms and point out that in most astrophysical situations, and in particular for the intracluster medium, shocks, turbulence and plasma waves play a crucial role. We also outline how the effects of the turbulence can be accounted for. Using a generic model for turbulence and acceleration, we then consider two scenarios for production of non-thermal radiation. The first is motivated by the possibility that hard X-ray emission is due to non-thermal Bremsstrahlung by nonrelativistic particles and attempts to produce non-thermal tails by accelerating the electrons from the background plasma with an initial Maxwellian distribution. For acceleration rates smaller than the Coulomb energy loss rate, the effect of energising the plasma is to primarily heat the plasma with little sign of a distinct non-thermal tail. Such tails are discernible only for acceleration rates comparable or larger than the Coulomb loss rate. However, these tails are accompanied by significant heating and they are present for a short time of <10⁶ years, which is also the time that the tail will be thermalised. A longer period of acceleration at such rates will result in a runaway situation with most particles being accelerated to very high energies. These more exact treatments confirm the difficulty with this model, first pointed out by Petrosian (Astrophys. J. 557:560, 2001). Such non-thermal tails, even if possible, can only explain the hard X-ray but not the radio emission which needs GeV or higher energy electrons. For these and for production of hard X-rays by the inverse Compton model, we need the second scenario where there is injection and subsequent acceleration of relativistic electrons. It is shown that a steady state situation, for example arising from secondary electrons produced from cosmic ray proton scattering by background protons, will most likely lead to flatter than required electron spectra or it requires a short escape time of the electrons from the cluster. An episodic injection of relativistic electrons, presumably from galaxies or AGN, and/or episodic generation of turbulence and shocks by mergers can result in an electron spectrum consistent with observations but for only a short period of less than one billion years.     

基于设计特征模型的加工特征映射技术

为了实现数控编程过程中能够自动确定加工区域,对基于特征设计系统构建产品模型的方法、产品信息模型、信息模型间的关联关系、飞机结构件加工特征定义分类、设计特征与加工特征间的内在关系进行了深入的研究,提出了基于设计特征模型映射加工特征的方法.该方法通过遍历特征设计树,判断特征间的关系,查询特征组成面信息,从而构建出特征属性邻接图,进而采用基于图匹配的特征识别方法得到加工特征,并提取加工特征信息.该方法压缩了图匹配空间,大大提高了特征识别的速度,应用此方法实现了飞机壁板类零件的特征识别.