Multi-objective optimization of aircraft design for emission and cost reductions

Pollutant gases emitted from the civil jet are doing more and more harm to the environ- ment with the rapid development of the global commercial aviation transport. Low environmental impact has become a new requirement for aircraft design. In this paper, estimation method for emis- sion in aircraft conceptual design stage is improved based on the International Civil Aviation Orga- nization （ICAO） aircraft engine emissions databank and the polynomial curve fitting methods. The greenhouse gas emission （CO2 equivalent） per seat per kilometer is proposed to measure the emis- sions. An approximate sensitive analysis and a multi-objective optimization of aircraft design for tradeoff between greenhouse effect and direct operating cost （DOC） are performed with five geom- etry variables of wing configuration and two flight operational parameters. The results indicate that reducing the cruise altitude and Mach number may result in a decrease of the greenhouse effect but an increase of DOC. And the two flight operational parameters have more effects on the emissions than the wing configuration. The Pareto-optimal front shows that a decrease of 29.8% in DOC is attained at the expense of an increase of 10.8% in greenhouse gases.     

Dynamic analysis of C/C composite finger seal

A seal device as an important component of aeroengines has decisive influence on per- formance, reliability, and working life of aeroengines. With the development of aeroengines, demands on the performance characteristics of seal devices are made strictly. Finger seal as a novel kind of sealing device, recently attracts more and more attentions in academic circles and engineer- ing fields at home and abroad. Research on finger seals has been extensively developed, especially on leakage and wear performances under dynamic conditions. However, it is a pity that the work on finger seals has been limited with a single approach that is improving the performance by structural optimization; in addition, the technology of dynamic analysis on finger seals is weak. Aiming at the problems mentioned above, a distributed mass equivalent dynamic model of finger seals considering the coupling effect of overlaid laminates is established in the present paper, the dynamic perfor- mance of 2.5 dimension C/C composite finger seal is analyzed with the model, and then the effects of fiber bundle density and fiber bundle preparation direction on finger seal＇s dynamic performance are discussed, as well as compared with those of Co-based alloy finger seal. The current work is about dynamic analysis of finger seals and application of C/C composite in this paper may have much academic significance and many engineering values for improving research level of finger seal dynamics and exploring feasibility of C/C composite being used for finger seals.     

大跨时空任务背景下的太阳能无人机任务规划技术研究进展

通过任务规划技术合理的优化太阳能无人机的飞行轨迹和动力学参数,能够有效提高太阳能无人机的能量利用率,使其胜任许多大范围跨时间跨空间飞行任务。从能量建模、续航评估和能量管理策略3个方面对大跨时空任务背景下太阳能无人机任务规划技术的研究进展进行了综述。在能量建模方面,介绍了当前主流的太阳辐射模型和能量生产基本框架;在续航评估方面,分析了目前的指标设计和应用方法;在能量管理策略方面,从能量综合应用、风力滑翔机制、轨迹优化方法和面向特定任务的应用4个角度,梳理了当前的研究现状。最后,对该领域未来可能的研究方向进行了展望。     

全模颤振风洞试验三索悬挂系统多体动力学分析

全模颤振风洞试验需要通过软支撑系统模拟飞行器的自由飞行状态并调整模型姿态达到配平状态。参考NASA双索悬挂方案,提出了一种两电机驱动的三索悬挂系统,利用后方两索的同向/反向联动实现模型俯仰和滚转姿态的调整,利用弹簧刚度以及钢绳张力设计实现支撑频率要求。基于柔性多体动力学方法,建立了包括飞行器刚体模型、柔性索、滑轮、弹簧、气动力模型、伺服电机控制在内的复杂系统动力学模型,其中,利用任意拉格朗日-欧拉（ALE）变长度索单元描述钢绳,利用不约束物质坐标的索结点约束描述钢绳与滑轮相互作用,利用索结点物质输运速度约束描述伺服电机绞盘,利用飞行力学的气动力模型描述吹风下的气动力。基于该模型,通过小扰动响应辨识研究了弹簧刚度、钢绳张力、连接点位置等因素对支撑频率的影响规律,并分析了系统姿态调整能力,俯仰调整范围达到-12.5°~12.5°,滚转调整范围达到-45°~45°。采用滑轮处电位计测量的钢绳相对位移作为反馈信号,基于设计的控制律利用多体动力学求解器与Simulink对风洞吹风下的姿态调整过程进行仿真,模型达到配平状态,获得了吹风下的索拉力和伺服电机功率,为系统设计提供基础。     

摆盘流动与换热性能数值仿真

针对受燃烧室出口高温燃气冲刷的摆盘装置的冷却水回路,建立二维、三维物理仿真模型,模拟了冷却水在内部流道的 流动与换热过程,考察了冷却水进口压力、冷却水流量对流阻和换热性能的影响.结果表明:①摆盘冷却水进口压力由2.3×105Pa提高到8.3×105Pa,摆盘壁温变化微小,结构1壁温升高5K,结构2壁温升高7K;②冷却水进口速度由0.5m/s提高到5.3m/s,结构1壁温降低约120K,结构2壁温降低约100K,冷却效果明显;③结构2通过缩小流道的流通面积,能在更小的冷却水流量的工况下得到更好的换热效果.      

Mercury’s Weather-Beaten Surface: Understanding Mercury in the Context of Lunar and Asteroidal Space Weathering Studies

Mercury’s regolith, derived from the crustal bedrock, has been altered by a set of space weathering processes. Before we can interpret crustal composition, it is necessary to understand the nature of these surface alterations. The processes that space weather the surface are the same as those that form Mercury’s exosphere (micrometeoroid flux and solar wind interactions) and are moderated by the local space environment and the presence of a global magnetic field. To comprehend how space weathering acts on Mercury’s regolith, an understanding is needed of how contributing processes act as an interactive system. As no direct information (e.g., from returned samples) is available about how the system of space weathering affects Mercury’s regolith, we use as a basis for comparison the current understanding of these same processes on lunar and asteroidal regoliths as well as laboratory simulations. These comparisons suggest that Mercury’s regolith is overturned more frequently (though the characteristic surface time for a grain is unknown even relative to the lunar case), more than an order of magnitude more melt and vapor per unit time and unit area is produced by impact processes than on the Moon (creating a higher glass content via grain coatings and agglutinates), the degree of surface irradiation is comparable to or greater than that on the Moon, and photon irradiation is up to an order of magnitude greater (creating amorphous grain rims, chemically reducing the upper layers of grains to produce nanometer-scale particles of metallic iron, and depleting surface grains in volatile elements and alkali metals). The processes that chemically reduce the surface and produce nanometer-scale particles on Mercury are suggested to be more effective than similar processes on the Moon. Estimated abundances of nanometer-scale particles can account for Mercury’s dark surface relative to that of the Moon without requiring macroscopic grains of opaque minerals. The presence of nanometer-scale particles may also account for Mercury’s relatively featureless visible–near-infrared reflectance spectra. Characteristics of material returned from asteroid 25143 Itokawa demonstrate that this nanometer-scale material need not be pure iron, raising the possibility that the nanometer-scale material on Mercury may have a composition different from iron metal [such as (Fe,Mg)S]. The expected depletion of volatiles and particularly alkali metals from solar-wind interaction processes are inconsistent with the detection of sodium, potassium, and sulfur within the regolith. One plausible explanation invokes a larger fine fraction (grain size <45 μm) and more radiation-damaged grains than in the lunar surface material to create a regolith that is a more efficient reservoir for these volatiles. By this view the volatile elements detected are present not only within the grain structures, but also as adsorbates within the regolith and deposits on the surfaces of the regolith grains. The comparisons with findings from the Moon and asteroids provide a basis for predicting how compositional modifications induced by space weathering have affected Mercury’s surface composition.     

Adaptive Gaussian sum squared-root cubature Kalman filter with split-merge scheme for state estimation

The paper deals with state estimation problem of nonlinear non-Gaussian discrete dynamic systems for improvement of accuracy and consistency. An efficient new algorithm called the adaptive Gaussian-sum square-root cubature Kalman filter（AGSSCKF） with a split-merge scheme is proposed. It is developed based on the squared-root extension of newly introduced cubature Kalman filter（SCKF） and is built within a Gaussian-sum framework. Based on the condition that the probability density functions of process noises and initial state are denoted by a Gaussian sum using optimization method, a bank of SCKF are used as the sub-filters to estimate state of system with the corresponding weights respectively, which is adaptively updated. The new algorithm consists of an adaptive splitting and merging procedure according to a proposed split-decision model based on the nonlinearity degree of measurement. The results of two simulation scenarios（one-dimensional state estimation and bearings-only tracking） show that the proposed filter demonstrates comparable performance to the particle filter with significantly reduced computational cost.     

大型回流边界层风洞的气动与结构设计

大型边界层风洞是开展风工程研究的必备装备。以浙江大学ZD-1边界层风洞的研制为背景,详细介绍了大型回流边界层风洞气动设计和立式结构设计中的关键问题,在风洞气动设计时采用了收缩比为4∶1的单回路单试验段气动轮廓,在试验段中设置了0．22°的当量扩散角,对拐角导流片外形作了特殊处理,并采用钢结构与混凝土结构相结合的立式结构。流场校验结果表明,大型回流边界层风洞的气动与结构设计能满足设计要求,某些指标甚至达到航空风洞的标准,在试验段中设置扩散角有利于降低轴向静压梯度,立式结构设计对提高试验段气流的水平均匀性有一定的作用,可为今后类似风洞的研制提供参考。