Space experiments aboard the Lomonosov MSU satellite

At present, the Institute of Nuclear Physics of Moscow State University, in cooperation with other organizations, is preparing space experiments onboard the Lomonosov satellite. The main goal of this mission is to study extreme astrophysical phenomena such as cosmic gamma-ray bursts and ultra-high-energy cosmic rays. These phenomena are associated with the processes occurring in the early universe in very distant astrophysical objects, therefore, they can provide information on the first stages of the evolution of the universe. This paper considers the main characteristics of the scientific equipment aboard the Lomonosov satellite.     

Frequency fluctuations of coherent signals from spacecraft observed during dual-frequency radio sounding of the circumsolar plasma in 2004–2008

We have performed spectral processing of the data of experiments on radio sounding of circumsolar plasma by coherent S- and X-band signals from the spacecraft Ulysses, Mars Express, Rosetta, and Venus Express carried out from 1991 to 2009. The experiments were realized in the mode of coherent response, when a signal stabilized by the hydrogen standard is transmitted from the ground station to a spacecraft, received by the onboard systems, and retransmitted to the Earth with conserved coherence. Thus, the signal sounding the coronal plasma passes twice through the medium: on the propagation path ground station — spacecraft and on the same path in the opposite direction. The spectra of frequency fluctuations in both the bands are obtained and, using them, the radial dependences of fluctuation intensities are found, which can be approximated by a power law. It is shown that the ratio of intensities of frequency fluctuations in the S- and X-bands is comparable with the theoretical value and characterizes the degree of correlation of irregularities of the electron density along the propagation path ground station — spacecraft and back. Analysis of the correlation of frequency fluctuations on the two paths allows one to get a lower estimate of the outer scale of the circumsolar plasma turbulence. For heliocentric distances R = 10 solar radii (R _S ) the outer scale is larger than 0.25R _S .     

火箭返回制导动力着陆段的自适应启动方法

针对重复使用火箭垂直返回着陆问题,提出了一种燃料最优的动力着陆段自适应启动方法。首先,将燃料最优启动点对应的动力着陆轨迹的推力剖面和攻角剖面描述为解析的形式,该解析形式中攻角剖面由状态量唯一确定,推力剖面仅含一个待定参数。随后,通过预测具有上述解析剖面形式的轨迹判断是否启动动力着陆。计算中引入松弛终端位置约束的策略求解推力剖面待定参数,由终端位置约束判断是否满足燃料最优启动条件。上述策略将燃料最优启动条件的判断问题简化为单一变量求解问题,实现了该问题的快速求解。仿真结果表明,该方法得到的启动点与数值优化方法得到的燃料最优启动点接近,且求解过程稳定、计算效率高。     

非均匀入口与化学非平衡效应对尾喷管性能的影响研究

基于煤油燃料超燃冲压发动机尾喷管,对均匀入口和非均匀入口、冻结流动模型和化学非平衡模型下的尾喷管内流动进行数值模拟,采用两方程RNG k-ε湍流模型对三维NS方程组进行求解,获得非均匀入口与化学非平衡效应对尾喷管性能的影响。计算结果表明,尾喷管内流动非均匀性由尾喷管非对称膨胀和燃烧室出口非均匀等因素构成,尾喷管入口流动参数非均匀分布对尾喷管推力、升力及俯仰力矩均有影响,算例中非均匀入口使得尾喷管净推力相对于均匀入口增加了1.2%左右;尾喷管性能受化学非平衡效应的影响,非平衡流动模型下的其净推力计算结果相对于冻结流动模型增加3%~4%。     

大型回流边界层风洞的气动与结构设计

大型边界层风洞是开展风工程研究的必备装备。以浙江大学ZD-1边界层风洞的研制为背景,详细介绍了大型回流边界层风洞气动设计和立式结构设计中的关键问题,在风洞气动设计时采用了收缩比为4∶1的单回路单试验段气动轮廓,在试验段中设置了0．22°的当量扩散角,对拐角导流片外形作了特殊处理,并采用钢结构与混凝土结构相结合的立式结构。流场校验结果表明,大型回流边界层风洞的气动与结构设计能满足设计要求,某些指标甚至达到航空风洞的标准,在试验段中设置扩散角有利于降低轴向静压梯度,立式结构设计对提高试验段气流的水平均匀性有一定的作用,可为今后类似风洞的研制提供参考。     

POSS 催化剂改性氰酸酯复合材料的性能

通过POSS 催化剂改性氰酸酯树脂,并采用热熔法排布制备了碳纤维/ 中温固化氰酸酯预浸料, 验证了改性氰酸酯的工艺性。同时考察了氰酸酯树脂及其复合材料的性能。结果表明, POSS 催化剂的加入, 降低了氰酸酯的固化温度,同时其使用温度、室温及-18℃的储存性能和复合材料力学性能与改性前相当。     

基于A320飞机横航向控制律架构的LQ设计

空客A320飞机横航向控制律采用特征结构配置方法计算闭环增益,实现了期望特征值的配置及横航向关键参数之间的解耦。基于A320横航向控制律架构,提出使用线性二次型(Linear Quadratic,简称LQ)方法,对闭环增益进行重新设计。首先根据期望的特征值引入关键参数的频域整形环节,而后通过调整二次型性能指标加权矩阵实现期望特征值的逼近及关键参数之间的解耦,并求得闭环反馈增益,最后在特征结构、稳定裕度和横航向解耦效果方面与空客设计结果作了对比分析。仿真结果表明,LQ设计可获得与特征结构配置设计相近的结果,即得到接近期望值的特征值,并实现关键变量的解耦,同时保证了闭环稳定裕度。     

Optimum parameters of a gravitational satellite-stabilizer system

Dynamics of a satellite-stabilizer system is studied. It is supposed that there is a viscous friction in a hinge connecting two bodies, but there is no elasticity. The attitude motion in a plane of circular orbit is considered, and parameters are determined, at which natural oscillations near a stable equilibrium position in the orbital coordinate system are damped out most rapidly. The rate of transient processes is estimated by a value of the degree of stability of linearized equations of motion. The optimization of the degree of stability is sequentially performed in dimensionless damping coefficient (the first stage) and in inertial system parameters (the second stage). The result of the first stage is the partition of system parameter space into the regions, in each of which the maximum of the degree of stability is reached on a particular configuration of roots of the characteristic equation. It is shown at the second stage that the global maximum is reached at two points of parameter space, where one of system bodies degenerates into a plate, and the characteristic equation has four equal real roots.     

BAMO-THF叠氮型热塑性聚氨酯弹性体的合成与表征

为了研究叠氮型热塑性含能粘合剂的合成方法及反应条件对其力学性能的影响,通过熔融预聚二步法合成了以3,3-双(叠氮甲基)环氧丁烷-四氢呋喃共聚醚(BAMO-THF)为软段、异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯(IPDI)及1,4-丁二醇(BDO)为硬段的叠氮型热塑性聚氨酯弹性体(ATPE)。采用傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)对所制备的ATPE的结构进行了表征。通过二正丁胺滴定法确定了最佳的预聚反应时间。研究比较了固化参数R和硬段含量对ATPE力学性能的影响。利用差示扫描量热(DSC)测定了ATPE的玻璃化转变温度,计算了硬段溶于软段的百分数。研究结果表明,所合成的ATPE具有典型的叠氮聚醚聚氨酯特征;确定了预聚反应时间为2 h;当R=1.02时,ATPE的拉伸强度最大,约为4 MPa;硬段含量为40%的ATPE的拉伸强度最大,为3.54 MPa;当硬段含量超过40%以后,硬段溶入软段的百分数小于10%,ATPE体现出良好的微相分离。