Combustion modeling in a model combustor

The flow-field of a propane-air diffusion flame combustor with interior and exterior conjugate heat transfers was numerically studied.Results obtained from four combustion models,combined with the re-normalization group(RNG) k-ε turbulence model,discrete ordinates radiation model and enhanced wall treatment are presented and discussed.The results are compared with a comprehensive database obtained from a series of experimental measurements.The flow patterns and the recirculation zone length in the combustion chamber are accurately predicted,and the mean axial velocities are in fairly good agreement with the experimental data,particularly at downstream sections for all four combustion models.The mean temperature profiles are captured fairly well by the eddy dissipation(EDS),probability density function(PDF),and laminar flamelet combustion models.However,the EDS-finite-rate combustion model fails to provide an acceptable temperature field.In general,the flamelet model illustrates little superiority over the PDF model,and to some extent the PDF model shows better performance than the EDS model.      

利用声发射(AE)计算火箭发动机壳体在爆破试验时的强度

借助AE技术计算裂纹严重程度的方法用于火箭发动机壳体的爆破试验,是为了计算发动机壳体在液压试验时的结构牢固性。在AE信号中观察到三个高活度区域,其中二个是断裂起始点。目前试验中所应用的计算方法可以在断裂前很好地预料断裂特性。     

Cell-to-cell interactions in changed gravity: ground-based and flight experiments

Cell-to-cell interactions play an important role in all physiological processes and are mediated by humoral and mechanical factors. Mechanosensitive cells (e.g., osteocytes, chondrocytes, and fibroblasts) can be studied ex vivo to understand the effects of an altered gravity environment. In particular, cultured endothelial cells (EC) are very sensitive to a broad spectrum of mechanical and biochemical stimuli. Earlier, we demonstrated that clinorotation leads to cytoskeletal remodeling in cultured ECs. Long-term gravity vector changes also modulate the expression of surface adhesion molecules (ICAM-1, E-selectin, VCAM-1) on cultured ECs. To study the interactions of geterological cells, we cocultured endothelial monolayers and human lymphocytes, immune cells and myeloleucemic (K-560) cells. It was found that, although clinorotation did not alter the basal adhesion level of non-activated immune cells on endothelial monolayers, the adhesion of PMA-activated lymphocytes was increased. During flight experiments onboard the Russian segment of the International Space Station, we measured the cytotoxic activity of natural killer (NK) cells incubated with labeled target cells. It was found that immune cells in microgravity retained their ability to contact, recognize, and destroy oncogenic cells in vitro. Together, our data concerning the effects of simulated and real microgravity suggest that, despite changes in the cytoskeleton, cell motility, and expression of adhesion molecules, cell-cell interactions are not compromised, thus preserving the critical physiological functions of immune and endothelial cells.     

Stability of amino acids and their oligomerization under high-pressure conditions: implications for prebiotic chemistry

The polymerization of amino acids leading to the formation of peptides and proteins is a significant problem for the origin of life. This problem stems from the instability of amino acids and the difficulty of their oligomerization in aqueous environments, such as seafloor hydrothermal systems. We investigated the stability of amino acids and their oligomerization reactions under high-temperature (180-400°C) and high-pressure (1.0-5.5?GPa) conditions, based on the hypothesis that the polymerization of amino acids occurred in marine sediments during diagenesis and metamorphism, at convergent margins on early Earth. Our results show that the amino acids glycine and alanine are stabilized by high pressure. Oligomers up to pentamers were formed, which has never been reported for alanine in the absence of a catalyst. The yields of peptides at a given temperature and reaction time were higher under higher-pressure conditions. Elemental, infrared, and isotopic analyses of the reaction products indicated that deamination is a key degradation process for amino acids and peptides under high-pressure conditions. A possible NH(3)-rich environment in marine sediments on early Earth may have further stabilized amino acids and peptides by inhibiting their deamination.     

SOLID3: a multiplex antibody microarray-based optical sensor instrument for in situ life detection in planetary exploration

The search for unequivocal signs of life on other planetary bodies is one of the major challenges for astrobiology. The failure to detect organic molecules on the surface of Mars by measuring volatile compounds after sample heating, together with the new knowledge of martian soil chemistry, has prompted the astrobiological community to develop new methods and technologies. Based on protein microarray technology, we have designed and built a series of instruments called SOLID (for "Signs Of LIfe Detector") for automatic in situ detection and identification of substances or analytes from liquid and solid samples (soil, sediments, or powder). Here, we present the SOLID3 instrument, which is able to perform both sandwich and competitive immunoassays and consists of two separate functional units: a Sample Preparation Unit (SPU) for 10 different extractions by ultrasonication and a Sample Analysis Unit (SAU) for fluorescent immunoassays. The SAU consists of five different flow cells, with an antibody microarray in each one (2000 spots). It is also equipped with an exclusive optical package and a charge-coupled device (CCD) for fluorescent detection. We demonstrated the performance of SOLID3 in the detection of a broad range of molecular-sized compounds, which range from peptides and proteins to whole cells and spores, with sensitivities at 1-2?ppb (ng?mL?1) for biomolecules and 10? to 103 spores per milliliter. We report its application in the detection of acidophilic microorganisms in the Río Tinto Mars analogue and report the absence of substantial negative effects on the immunoassay in the presence of 50?mM perchlorate (20 times higher than that found at the Phoenix landing site). Our SOLID instrument concept is an excellent option with which to detect biomolecules because it avoids the high-temperature treatments that may destroy organic matter in the presence of martian oxidants.     

纤维陶瓷复合材料强度和热稳定性的提高

最近研制了一代新型的刚性好重量轻的先进纤维陶瓷复合材料。这类材料在力学性能和热稳定性方面有很大提高。它的抗弯强度是当前能得到的氧化硅纤维绝热材料的2-3倍,而密度减小10％。该材料短时间的重复使用温度高于2600°F,而连续使用温度为2600°F。     

电磁污染

雷达本身虽是一个高度复杂的系统，但它通常也是含有很多其他无源或有源电子设备的更大系统的一部分。因此，雷达各组成部分必须全部兼容，没有任何内部干扰。而且，雷达不得干扰平台上的其他设备。当然，对于其他类型的设备来讲也是一样的，特别是像电子干扰（ECM）、通信和识别类有源设备更是如此。     

用运放制作的积分器的快速瞬态噪声响应

本文描述用运放制作的积分器在减少直流电源的高频噪声方面并不很有效,当受到高频噪声影响时,它似乎起着微分器的作用。这种现象是由于输入线和直流电源的快速瞬态噪声对运放作用的结果。     

合成孔径雷达光学处理的新成果

本研究项目构建了一个SAR算法分析试验台，并验证了合成孔径数据获取期间对非线性运动目标的聚焦能力。试验台由连接到低端SGI工作站上的ImSyn光电处理机组成。为了支持动目标聚焦，并为成保处理提供必要的用户交互，开发了一套软件工具。用各种各样的模拟数据集和真实SAR数据研究并测试了动目标算法。文中详细描述了已成功应用于SAR与ISAR数据收集处理的方法、算法、有些方法，算法对目标辨别与非合作目标识别也具有意义。     

通过时间拉伸预处理克服ADC的输入带宽限制时间拉伸预处理：第一部分

数字信号处理（ＤＳＰ）已经开始在现代通讯和雷达系统设计中起主导作用，不幸的是，商用模拟－数字变换器（ＡＤＣ０的速度尚不能满足通讯和雷达系统的数字化要求（尤其在微波段），可喜的是，我们已经发展了一种新的ＡＤＣ机理－在ＡＤ变换之前放慢模拟信号的速度，通过卫低输入信号（载波及其调制）的带宽的方法，ＡＤＣ的性能得到极大的改进，本文由于几个部分组成，还将研究时间压缩及其在高速数字－模拟变换器（ＤＡＣ）中的应用。