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401.
F A Cucinotta W Schimmerling J W Wilson L E Peterson P B Saganti J F Dicello 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2004,34(6):1383-1389
Methods used to project risks in low-Earth orbit are of questionable merit for exploration missions because of the limited radiobiology data and knowledge of galactic cosmic ray (GCR) heavy ions, which causes estimates of the risk of late effects to be highly uncertain. Risk projections involve a product of many biological and physical factors, each of which has a differential range of uncertainty due to lack of data and knowledge. Using the linear-additivity model for radiation risks, we use Monte-Carlo sampling from subjective uncertainty distributions in each factor to obtain an estimate of the overall uncertainty in risk projections. The resulting methodology is applied to several human space exploration mission scenarios including a deep space outpost and Mars missions of duration of 360, 660, and 1000 days. The major results are the quantification of the uncertainties in current risk estimates, the identification of factors that dominate risk projection uncertainties, and the development of a method to quantify candidate approaches to reduce uncertainties or mitigate risks. The large uncertainties in GCR risk projections lead to probability distributions of risk that mask any potential risk reduction using the "optimization" of shielding materials or configurations. In contrast, the design of shielding optimization approaches for solar particle events and trapped protons can be made at this time and promising technologies can be shown to have merit using our approach. The methods used also make it possible to express risk management objectives in terms of quantitative metrics, e.g., the number of days in space without exceeding a given risk level within well-defined confidence limits. 相似文献
402.
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404.
F. Dehaeze G. N. Barakos A. N. Kusyumov S. A. Kusyumov S. A. Mikhailov 《Russian Aeronautics (Iz VUZ)》2018,61(1):40-47
This paper applies the Detached-Eddy Simulation (DES) method to resolve a larger part of the flow spectrum around rotor blades in hover and forward flight. A comparison between DES and Unsteady Reynolds–Averaged Navier–Stokes simulation was carried out for the case of a forward flying rotor suggesting that DES has great potential for rotor applications. 相似文献
405.
A. Aboudan G. Colombatti C. Bettanini F. Ferri S. Lewis B. Van Hove O. Karatekin S. Debei 《Space Science Reviews》2018,214(5):97
On 19th October 2016 Schiaparelli module of the ExoMars 2016 mission flew through the Mars atmosphere. After successful entry and descent under parachute, the module failed the last part of the descent and crashed on the Mars surface. Nevertheless the data transmitted in real-time by Schiaparelli during the entry and descent, together with the entry state vector as initial condition, have been used to reconstruct both the trajectory and the profiles of atmospheric density, pressure and temperature along the traversed path.The available data-set is only a small sub-set of the whole data acquired by Schiaparelli, with a limited data rate (8 kbps) and a large gap during the entry because of the plasma blackout on the communications.This paper presents the work done by the AMELIA (Atmospheric Mars Entry and Landing Investigations and Analysis) team in the exploitation of the available inertial and radar data. First a reference trajectory is derived by direct integration of the inertial measurements and a strategy to overcome the entry data gap is proposed. First-order covariance analysis is used to estimate the uncertainties on all the derived parameters. Then a refined trajectory is computed incorporating the measurements provided by the on-board radar altimeter.The derived trajectory is consistent with the events reported in the telemetry and also with the impact point identified on the high-resolution images of the landing site.Finally, atmospheric profiles are computed tacking into account the aerodynamic properties of the module. Derived profiles result in good agreement with both atmospheric models and available remote sensing observations. 相似文献
406.
R. A. Masterson M. Chodas L. Bayley B. Allen J. Hong P. Biswas C. McMenamin K. Stout E. Bokhour H. Bralower D. Carte S. Chen M. Jones S. Kissel F. Schmidt M. Smith G. Sondecker L. F. Lim D. S. Lauretta J. E. Grindlay R. P. Binzel 《Space Science Reviews》2018,214(1):48
The Regolith X-ray Imaging Spectrometer (REXIS) is the student collaboration experiment proposed and built by an MIT-Harvard team, launched aboard NASA’s OSIRIS-REx asteroid sample return mission. REXIS complements the scientific investigations of other OSIRIS-REx instruments by determining the relative abundances of key elements present on the asteroid’s surface by measuring the X-ray fluorescence spectrum (stimulated by the natural solar X-ray flux) over the range of energies 0.5 to 7 keV. REXIS consists of two components: a main imaging spectrometer with a coded aperture mask and a separate solar X-ray monitor to account for the Sun’s variability. In addition to element abundance ratios (relative to Si) pinpointing the asteroid’s most likely meteorite association, REXIS also maps elemental abundance variability across the asteroid’s surface using the asteroid’s rotation as well as the spacecraft’s orbital motion. Image reconstruction at the highest resolution is facilitated by the coded aperture mask. Through this operation, REXIS will be the first application of X-ray coded aperture imaging to planetary surface mapping, making this student-built instrument a pathfinder toward future planetary exploration. To date, 60 students at the undergraduate and graduate levels have been involved with the REXIS project, with the hands-on experience translating to a dozen Master’s and Ph.D. theses and other student publications. 相似文献
407.
V. A. Sadovnichii M. I. Panasyuk V. M. Lipunov A. V. Bogomolov V. V. Bogomolov G. K. Garipov E. S. Gorbovskoy D. S. Zimnukhov A. F. Iyudin M. A. Kaznacheeva V. V. Kalegaev P. A. Klimov A. S. Kovtukh V. G. Kornilov N. V. Kuznetsov I. A. Maksimov S. K. Mit V. I. Osedlo V. L. Petrov M. V. Podzolko E. P. Popova A. Yu. Poroykov I. A. Rubinstein K. Yu. Saleev S. I. Svertilov V. I. Tulupov B. A. Khrenov V. V. Chazov A. S. Chepurnov Ya. A. Shtunder A. N. Shustova I. V. Yashin 《Cosmic Research》2018,56(6):488-497
408.
A. V. Streltsov J.-J. Berthelier A. A. Chernyshov V. L. Frolov F. Honary M. J. Kosch R. P. McCoy E. V. Mishin M. T. Rietveld 《Space Science Reviews》2018,214(8):118
Active ionospheric experiments using high-power, high-frequency transmitters, “heaters”, to study plasma processes in the ionosphere and magnetosphere continue to provide new insights into understanding plasma and geophysical proceses. This review describes the heating facilities, past and present, and discusses scientific results from these facilities and associated space missions. Phenomena that have been observed with these facilities are reviewed along with theoretical explanations that have been proposed or are commonly accepted. Gaps or uncertainties in understanding of heating-initiated phenomena are discussed together with proposed science questions to be addressed in the future. Suggestions for improvements and additions to existing facilities are presented including important satellite missions which are necessary to answer the outstanding questions in this field. 相似文献
409.
Shi Qian Liu James F. Whidborne Lei He 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2021,67(3):1174-1187
In the presence of unknown disturbances and model parameter uncertainties, this paper develop a nonlinear backstepping sliding-mode controller (BSMC) for trajectory tracking control of a stratospheric airship using a disturbance-observer (DO). Compared with the conventional sliding mode surface (SMS) constructed by a linear combination of the errors, the new SMS manifold is selected as the last back-step error to improve independence of the adjustment of the controller gains. Furthermore, a nonlinear disturbance-observer is designed to process unknown disturbance inputs and improve the BSMC performances. The closed-loop system of trajectory tracking control plant is proved to be globally asymptotically stable by using Lyapunov theory. By comparing with traditional backstepping control and SMC design, the results obtained demonstrate the capacity of the airship to execute a realistic trajectory tracking mission, even in the presence of unknown disturbances, and aerodynamic coefficient uncertainties. 相似文献
410.
S.A. Demin Y.A. Nefedyev A.O. Andreev N.Y. Demina S.F. Timashev 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2018,61(2):639-644
The analysis of turbulent processes in sunspots and pores which are self-organizing long-lived magnetic structures is a complicated and not yet solved problem. The present work focuses on studying such magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD) formations on the basis of flicker-noise spectroscopy using a new method of multi-parametric analysis. The non-stationarity and cross-correlation effects taking place in solar activity dynamics are considered. The calculated maximum values of non-stationarity factor may become precursors of significant restructuring in solar magnetic activity. The introduced cross-correlation functions enable us to judge synchronization effects between the signals of various solar activity indicators registered simultaneously. 相似文献