硝酸酯增塑的热塑性聚氨酯弹性体推进剂

研究了在热塑性聚氨酯弹性体 (TPU )软段中引入聚乙二醇 (PEG) ,以改善与硝酸酯的混溶能力。通过控制 PEG的相对分子质量和含量 ,可使硝酸酯与 TPU的混溶比大于 4。采用溶剂法挤压成型工艺成功地制成了硝酸酯增塑的 TPU推进剂。此类推进剂的理论比冲为 2 598N· s/kg～ 2 648N· s/kg,燃烧性能优良 ,空白配方的压力指数为 0 .36,常、低温力学性能优异 ,可为硝酸酯增塑 ,加工温度较低。该推进剂是一个可以实现以挤压工艺生产的复合推进剂新品种 ,具有良好的应用前景。此外 ,对推进剂的热分解性能也进行了研究     

Effect of non-uniform basic temperature gradient on the onset of Marangoni convection in a fluid with suspended particles

The effect of a non-uniform basic temperature gradient on the onset of convection driven by surface tension in a horizontal layer of a Boussinesq fluid with suspended particles confined between an upper free, constant heat flux boundary and a lower rigid isothermal boundary is considered. The microrotation is assumed to vanish at the boundaries. A linear stability analysis is performed. The Rayleigh–Ritz technique is used to obtain the eigenvalues. The influence of various parameters on the onset of convection has been analyzed. Six different non-uniform basic state temperature profiles are considered and their comparative influence on onset is discussed. It is observed that the fluid layer with suspended particles heated from below is more stable compared to the classical fluid layer without suspended particles. The problem has possible applications in microgravity situations.     

压电驱动自耦合射流流动特性实验

为了研究压电驱动狭缝喷口自耦合射流的流动特性,采用PIV、热线风速仪测试手段,对自耦合射流激发器在不同激励因素下的流场和速度场分布进行了实验和分析.结果显示,自耦合射流在狭缝出口处产生了反向涡对,随着自耦合射流的发展,射流呈现出在喷口短轴方向急剧向两侧扩展、而在喷口长轴方向先收缩后缓慢扩展的流动特征;自耦合射流的速度分布在法线方向呈现先上升后下降的趋势,在z/b=10左右速度达到最大值;在射流展向上,短轴方向速度呈规律的对称分布和速度自模的特征,而长轴方向速度近喷口区域呈现马鞍状分布,随着法向距离增加这种趋势消失.研究中发现,激发器存在两个谐振频率,在谐振频率激发下自耦合射流的速度和涡量比较大.与常规射流相比,自耦合射流显示出了独特的流动特性.     

The Galaxy Cluster Mass Scale and Its Impact on Cosmological Constraints from the Cluster Population

Space Science Reviews - The QB50 mission is a satellite constellation designed to carry out measurements at between 200–380 km altitude in the ionosphere. The multi-needle Langmuir probe...     

Mass Measurements of Stellar and Intermediate-Mass Black Holes

We discuss the method, and potential systematic effects therein, used for measuring the mass of stellar-mass black holes in X-ray binaries. We restrict our discussion to the method that relies on the validity of Kepler’s laws; we refer to this method as the dynamical method. We briefly discuss the implications of the mass distribution of stellar-mass black holes and provide an outlook for future measurements. Further, we investigate the evidence for the existence of intermediate-mass black holes i.e. black holes with masses above 100 M_⊙, the limit to the black hole mass that can be produced by stellar evolution in the current Universe.     

Planetary Protection and the astrobiological exploration of Mars: Proactive steps in moving forward

Future efforts towards Mars exploration should include a discussion about the effects that the strict application of Planetary Protection policies is having on the astrobiological exploration of Mars, which is resulting in a continued delay in the search for Martian life. As proactive steps in the path forward, here we propose advances in three areas. First, we suggest that a redefinition of Planetary Protection and Special Regions is required for the case of Mars. Particularly, we propose a definition for special places on Mars that we can get to in the next 10–20?years with rovers and landers, where try to address questions regarding whether there is present-day near-surface life on Mars or not, and crucially doing so before the arrival of manned missions. We propose to call those special places “Astrobiology Priority Exploration” regions (APEX regions). Second, we stress the need for the development of robotic tools for the characterization of complex organic compounds as unequivocal signs of life, and particularly new generations of complex organic chemistry and biosignature detection instruments, including advances in DNA sequencing. And third, we advocate for a change from the present generation of SUV-sized landers and rovers to new robotic assets that are much easier to decontaminate such as microlanders: they would be very small with limited sensing capabilities, but there would be many of them available for launch and coordination from an orbiting platform. Implementing these changes will help to move forward with an exploration approach that is much less risky to the potential Mars biosphere, while also being much more scientifically rigorous about the exploration of the “life on Mars” question – a question that needs to be answered both for astrobiological discovery and for learning more definitive lessons on Planetary Protection.     

A comparison of semi-empirical models in the lower thermosphere

Semi-empirical models are derived predominantly from satellite-borne observations. The nature of these observations restricts the applicability of the models mainly to the atmospheric regions sampled, i.e. the upper thermosphere. Current models are only capable of reproducing a zero-order approximation of the structure of the lower thermosphere. Based on selected examples, the progress in atmospheric research since CIRA-72 as well as the continuing deficiencies are demonstrated.     

Travelling heater growth of GaSb under reduced gravity during the first spacelab-mission

Single crystals of binary III-V-semiconductors, e.g. GaAs or InP, are important basic materials for optoelectronic devices, e.g. LED's and lasers. Device production needs highly perfect substrate crystals with low defect densities and homogeneous dopant distributions. In our experiment we applied the Travelling-Heater-Method to grow the III-V compound GaSb. The aim of this research project was to improve the crystal quality by investigating convective transport phenomena and the origins of dopant inhomogeneities under earth and space conditions. Earth grown crystals show strong dopant variations mainly due to convective flow phenomena. The preliminary result of our SPACELAB 1 experiment reveals an increase of dopant homogeneity in the space grown crystal because of the absence of natural convection under reduced gravity.     

Mesospheric ozone densities deduced from solar occultation measurements

Quartz-UV occultation measurements by the satellite Interkosmos-16 have been used to calculate ozone densities at altitudes between 50 and 90 km for the period August to October 1976. Below 65 km densities agree well with the Krueger-Minzner-model. Mesopause densities have been studied in some detail. A certain percentage of the profiles show close correlation with the model of Shimazaki and Laird (with a pronounced minimum below the mesopause) while others fit better to the Park and London model (no minimum). This variability of the ozone density may be caused by different processes in the photo-chemistry of ozone. Two possible causes, the temperature dependent rate coefficients and the odd hydrogen processes are discussed in greater detail.     

GPS modeling for designing aerospace vehicle navigation systems

The complexity of the design of a Global Positioning System (GPS) user segment, as well as the performance demanded of the components, depends on user requirements such as total navigation accuracy. Other factors, for instance the expected satellite/vehicle geometry or the accuracy of an accompanying inertial navigation system can also affect the user segment design. Models of GPS measurements are used to predict user segment performance at various levels. Design curves are developed which illustrate the relationship between user requirements, the user segment design, and component performance