MX导弹第二级发动机

引言MX导弹第二级发动机用来提供飞行第二阶段的动力,以及飞行第一阶段和第二阶段的滚转控制力矩。MX导弹第二级发动机的直径为92英寸(2337毫米),长220.4英寸(5598毫米),毛重60234磅(27322公斤),其基本结构如图1所示。经过16个月的系统论证(SD)和头4个月的全尺寸工程研制(FSED),第二级发动机业已进行了优化,以便满足系统要     

基于特征线理论的旋转爆震流场结构特征研究

特征线理论及其计算方法是气体动力学的经典理论与方法,应用于旋转爆震流场分析具有简单高效的特点。将坐标系建立在爆震波上,对旋转爆震流场进行简化,采用特征线理论并结合流场计算单元过程,建立旋转爆震流场计算模型。研究了当量比和喷注参数对氢气/空气、甲烷/空气以及辛烷/空气3种不同预混气的旋转爆震流场结构特征的影响。结果表明:爆震波高度和倾斜角度受混气当量比和喷注总温影响明显;燃料由小分子氢燃料变为大分子碳氢燃料时,爆震波高度和倾斜角度逐渐减小;混气当量比和喷注总温主要通过影响爆震波传播速度、高度和倾斜角度而影响爆震波后宏观流场特征趋势。     

Cardiovascular effects of simulated zero-gravity in humans

Head-down and head-up [correction of heat-up] tilted bedrest (5 degrees) and head out water immersion (HOWI) for 6 hr were compared. Parameters: Cardiac output (rebreathing method), blood pressure (arm cuff), forearm blood flow (venous occlusion plethysmography), total peripheral (TPR), and forearm vascular (FVR) resistances, Hct, Hb, relative plasma volume (PV) changes, and plasma catecholamines (single-isotope assay). During HOWI there was as expected a decrement in TPR, FVR, Mean arterial pressure (MAP, from 100 to 80 mmHg), Hct, and PV, and--as a new finding--catecholamines, which were 30-50% lower compared with both +5 and -5 degrees bedrest. During head down tilt, MAP was elevated (to 100-110 mmHg) and catecholamines did not fall, while TPR and EVR slowly decreased over 6 hr. HOWI is a stronger stimulus than -5 degrees bedrest, probably because HOWI elevates central venous pressure more markedly emptying the peripheral veins, while bedrest permits a distension of veins, which induces an increase in sympathetic nervous activity.     

Does the centre of mass remain stable during complex human postural equilibrium tasks in weightlessness?

In normal gravity conditions the execution of voluntary movement involves the displacement of body segments as well as the maintenance of a stable reference value for equilibrium control. It has been suggested that centre of mass (CM) projection within the supporting base (BS) is the stabilised reference for voluntary action, and is conserved in weightlessness. The purpose of this study was to determine if the CM is stabilised during whole body reaching movements executed in weightlessness. The reaching task was conducted by two cosmonauts aboard the Russian orbital station MIR, during the Franco-Russian mission ALTAIR, 1993. Movements of reflective markers were recorded using a videocamera, successive images being reconstructed by computer every 40ms. The position of the CM, ankle joint torques and shank and thigh angles were computed for each subject pre- in- and post-flight using a 7-link mathematical model. Results showed that both cosmonauts adopted a backward leaning posture prior to reaching movements. Inflight, the CM was displaced throughout values in the horizontal axis three times those of pre-flight measures. In addition, ankle dorsi flexor torques inflight increased to values double those of pre- and post-flight tests. This study concluded that CM displacements do not remain stable during complex postural equilibrium tasks executed in weightlessness. Furthermore, in the absence of gravity, subjects changed their strategy for producing ankle torque during spaceflight from a forward to a backward leaning posture.     

舰队弹道导弹计划（3）“北极星”腾空

战术的变化只有在武器发生变化之后才可能出现，事情必然如此。但是，……这两个变化之间的时间拖得太长了。无疑，这是因为，武器的改进是一两个人的努力结果，而战术上的变化必须克服一个保守阶级的惰性……。它只能由坦率地承认每一个变化来加以弥补……。历史表明，希望军人这么做是徒劳的，但是，真能这样做的人肯定会在战斗中占有巨大优势。[编者按]