低相位噪声倍频微波源

使用高次泛音体声波谐振器(HBAR),可能研制出直接工作在微波频率的低相位噪声倍频微波源。最近,已研制出一个L波段的低噪声源,它能提供约以5MHz为间隔的信号,并能得到与低频石英晶体稳定和倍频的微波源相同的相位噪声抑制度,高次泛音体声波谐振器(HBAR)直接倍频到微波源需要少量硬件,以达到用任何其它方法得到倍频微波源所具有的相同的相位噪声抑制度。稳定的工作是通过利用钇铝石榴石(YAG)、蓝宝石、铌酸锂式铝酸锂等晶体的高次泛音谐振来达到的。它们的固有损耗表明,其潜在Q值近似为石英晶体的十倍。已制成的这种谐振器的频率高达10GHz。对1.5GHz频段的压缩模式,已在几个样品中得到50,000以上的有载Q值。这些谐振器由其晶片上渡漠换能器组成。单纯的反射被限制在换能器之下区域内。晶体牢牢地被装在外壳中,以尽量减小外部振动对频率稳定度的影响。测量振动灵敏度的情况在一篇参考文献中简述。此倍频微波源包括一个用自动频率控制(AFC)回路稳定的低噪声压控振荡器(VCO)。在自动频率控制(AFC)鉴频器中,高次泛音体声波谐振器是决定频率的元件。测量的相位噪声与估计的性能很一致。本文提供了噪声特性的详细情况。用附加的数字控制电路将压控振荡器予调到高次泛音体声波谐振器(HBAR)的任一次响应上,可以很容易地实现倍频。因此,用最少的硬件得到了低相位噪声用电子方法控制的倍频源。     

体波谐振晶片加速度灵敏度的测定

本文叙述了测定直接工作在微波频率的高次泛音钇铝石榴石(YAG)体波谐振晶片的加速度灵敏度的近似理论。高次泛音声体波谐振器比用其它方法更容易实现低相位噪声倍频微波源,所需硬件也少得多。在参考文献[1]中详细介绍了振荡器的设计及测试。本文通过分析及实验对振动灵敏度作了论述。在静态和振动状两种状态下,对钇铝石榴石(YAG)体波谐振器件进行了电测量。将约为4×10~(-11)/G的加速度灵敏度的计算值(K)与约为1.28×10~(-11)/G的测试值进行了比较。体波谐振的实测值约比典型的三类AT切石英晶体对运动的灵敏度要低两个数级量。     

用于各种雷达的平板缝阵天线的设计与加工技术

介绍了民航飞机极旁瓣电平机载风切变雷达天线、单轴单脉冲合成孔径阵列、双极化双阵列天线和16．75GHz双轴单脉冲阵列的设计。详述了这些阵列的加工技术以及近场测试方法。     

联合建模和仿真系统技术述评

联合建模和仿真系统(J-MASS)已被确定为未来的软件建模结构。因此,它能在建模及仿真方面为国防部提供多年的技术支持。要实现联合建模和仿真系统就需要开发新技术。本文将对联合建模和仿真系统中可能采用的几种现行技术(可视编程、形式法及计算机辅助软件工程)进行述评。     

一种基于层簇式的卫星网络组密钥管理方案

针对卫星网络中组密钥管理过程面临的诸多挑战,提出一种基于层簇式的卫星网络组密钥管理方案LCGKM。结合卫星网络的多层次结构特点,建立了层簇式组密钥协商网络模型,将高轨道卫星作为组密钥协商发起节点,组成员通过三叉密钥树自主计算出组密钥,有效地减少了组密钥协商过程中的通信开销,增强了方案的灵活性、可扩展性。另外,在组密钥协商过程中,利用双线性对和身份认证技术,确保组成员能够对接受的组密钥信息进行验证,进一步增强了方案的安全性。性能分析表明：方案在满足更高安全需求的基础上,具备通信效率高、计算量小等优点,适用于具有大规模组播需求的卫星网络。     

Cosmic radiation exposure of biological test systems during the EXPOSE-E mission

In the frame of the EXPOSE-E mission on the Columbus external payload facility EuTEF on board the International Space Station, passive thermoluminescence dosimeters were applied to measure the radiation exposure of biological samples. The detectors were located either as stacks next to biological specimens to determine the depth dose distribution or beneath the sample carriers to determine the dose levels for maximum shielding. The maximum mission dose measured in the upper layer of the depth dose part of the experiment amounted to 238±10 mGy, which relates to an average dose rate of 408±16 μGy/d. In these stacks of about 8?mm height, the dose decreased by 5-12% with depth. The maximum dose measured beneath the sample carriers was 215±16 mGy, which amounts to an average dose rate of 368±27 μGy/d. These values are close to those assessed for the interior of the Columbus module and demonstrate the high shielding of the biological experiments within the EXPOSE-E facility. Besides the shielding by the EXPOSE-E hardware itself, additional shielding was experienced by the external structures adjacent to EXPOSE-E, such as EuTEF and Columbus. This led to a dose gradient over the entire exposure area, from 215±16 mGy for the lowest to 121±6 mGy for maximum shielding. Hence, the doses perceived by the biological samples inside EXPOSE-E varied by 70% (from lowest to highest dose). As a consequence of the high shielding, the biological samples were predominantly exposed to galactic cosmic heavy ions, while electrons and a significant fraction of protons of the radiation belts and solar wind did not reach the samples.     

Time profile of cosmic radiation exposure during the EXPOSE-E mission: the R3DE instrument

The aim of this paper is to present the time profile of cosmic radiation exposure obtained by the Radiation Risk Radiometer-Dosimeter during the EXPOSE-E mission in the European Technology Exposure Facility on the International Space Station's Columbus module. Another aim is to make the obtained results available to other EXPOSE-E teams for use in their data analysis. Radiation Risk Radiometer-Dosimeter is a low-mass and small-dimension automatic device that measures solar radiation in four channels and cosmic ionizing radiation as well. The main results of the present study include the following: (1) three different radiation sources were detected and quantified-galactic cosmic rays (GCR), energetic protons from the South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA) region of the inner radiation belt, and energetic electrons from the outer radiation belt (ORB); (2) the highest daily averaged absorbed dose rate of 426 μGy d(-1) came from SAA protons; (3) GCR delivered a much smaller daily absorbed dose rate of 91.1 μGy d(-1), and the ORB source delivered only 8.6 μGy d(-1). The analysis of the UV and temperature data is a subject of another article (Schuster et al., 2012 ).     

Resistance of bacterial endospores to outer space for planetary protection purposes--experiment PROTECT of the EXPOSE-E mission

Spore-forming bacteria are of particular concern in the context of planetary protection because their tough endospores may withstand certain sterilization procedures as well as the harsh environments of outer space or planetary surfaces. To test their hardiness on a hypothetical mission to Mars, spores of Bacillus subtilis 168 and Bacillus pumilus SAFR-032 were exposed for 1.5 years to selected parameters of space in the experiment PROTECT during the EXPOSE-E mission on board the International Space Station. Mounted as dry layers on spacecraft-qualified aluminum coupons, the "trip to Mars" spores experienced space vacuum, cosmic and extraterrestrial solar radiation, and temperature fluctuations, whereas the "stay on Mars" spores were subjected to a simulated martian environment that included atmospheric pressure and composition, and UV and cosmic radiation. The survival of spores from both assays was determined after retrieval. It was clearly shown that solar extraterrestrial UV radiation (λ≥110?nm) as well as the martian UV spectrum (λ≥200?nm) was the most deleterious factor applied; in some samples only a few survivors were recovered from spores exposed in monolayers. Spores in multilayers survived better by several orders of magnitude. All other environmental parameters encountered by the "trip to Mars" or "stay on Mars" spores did little harm to the spores, which showed about 50% survival or more. The data demonstrate the high chance of survival of spores on a Mars mission, if protected against solar irradiation. These results will have implications for planetary protection considerations.     

Biogenicity of morphologically diverse carbonaceous microstructures from the ca. 3400 Ma Strelley pool formation, in the Pilbara Craton, Western Australia

Morphologically diverse structures that may constitute organic microfossils are reported from three remote and widely separated localities assigned to the ca. 3400?Ma Strelley Pool Formation in the Pilbara Craton, Western Australia. These localities include the Panorama, Warralong, and Goldsworthy greenstone belts. From the Panorama greenstone belt, large (> 40?μm) lenticular to spindle-like structures, spheroidal structures, and mat-forming thread-like structures are found. Similar assemblages of carbonaceous structures have been identified from the Warralong and Goldsworthy greenstone belts, though these assemblages lack the thread-like structures but contain film-like structures. All structures are syngenetic with their host sedimentary black chert, which is associated with stromatolites and evaporites. The host chert is considered to have been deposited in a shallow water environment. Rigorous assessment of biogenicity (considering composition, size range, abundance, taphonomic features, and spatial distributions) suggests that cluster-forming small (<15 μm) spheroids, lenticular to spindle-like structures, and film-like structures with small spheroids are probable microfossils. Thread-like structures are more likely fossilized fibrils of biofilm, rather than microfossils. The biogenicity of solitary large (>15?μm) spheroids and simple film-like structures is less certain. Although further investigations are required to confirm the biogenicity of carbonaceous structures from the Strelley Pool Formation, this study presents evidence for the existence of morphologically complex and large microfossils at 3400?Ma in the Pilbara Craton, which can be correlated to the contemporaneous, possible microfossils reported from South Africa. Although there is still much to be learned, they should provide us with new insights into the early evolution of life and shallow water ecosystems.