光学镜面离子束抛光中的离子源稳定性研究

用线扫描方法研究某种型号的3cm卡夫曼离子源的稳定性,先介绍了线扫描法估计去除函数的方法以及其数学模型,用线扫描法扫描两块微晶镜面,估计出在不同时间的去除函数,分析去除函数的波动情况来考察离子源稳定性。结果表明该种型号的3cm卡夫曼离子源具有很好的稳定性,满足光学镜面加工要求。     

上游太阳风中高能电子向同步轨道区的传输

通常认为,同步轨道区的电子通量增加是由于磁暴或者上游太阳风高速流的扰动所引起．近来的观测表明,起源于太阳活动的行星际高能电子也是引起同步轨道电子通量增加的重要原因之一．Zhao等在研究2000年7月14日太阳剧烈活动时发现,同步轨道区相对论电子通量巨幅增加时没有观察到上游太阳风高速流的扰动,并且磁暴发生在电子通量事件之后．采用解析磁场模型和实际磁场模型(T96模型)模拟来自太阳的相对论电子在磁尾中的运动特性．计算结果表明,当行星际磁场南向时,进入到磁尾的行星际相对论电子可以从较远的磁尾区域运动到同步轨道区域．这一研究结果从理论上论证了起源于太阳活动的高能电子可以对同步轨道区相对论电子通量的增加产生重要的作用．     

Ground-based simulations of cosmic ray heavy ion interactions in spacecraft and planetary habitat shielding materials

This paper surveys some recent accelerator-based measurements of the nuclear fragmentation of high energy nuclei in shielding and tissue-equivalent materials. These data are needed to make accurate predictions of the radiation field produced at depth in spacecraft and planetary habitat shielding materials and in the human body by heavy charged particles in the galactic cosmic radiation. Projectile-target combinations include 1 GeV/nucleon 56Fe incident on aluminum and graphite and 600 MeV/nucleon 56Fe and 290 MeV/nucleon 12C on polyethylene. We present examples of the dependence of fragmentation on material type and thickness, of a comparison between data and a fragmentation model, and of multiple fragments produced along the beam axis.     

对下一代卫星操作控制的系统研究

自1975年发射首颗ETS-1卫星以来,总计已发射了28颗NASDA(日本空间局)卫星。关于卫星的操作,NASDA已经开发了实时遥测/遥控处理系统,可通用于不同类型卫星。目前第三代系统已投入使用。而卫星操作的最新发展趋势则是更加复杂,例如正在出现采纳CCSDS建议的卫星,而且计算机技术也发展的相当迅速。 此外,NASDA在卫星操作中的任务正从主要是卫星星体操作发展为实验/整个卫星任务操作。根据这些情况,NASDA已经开始研究适于操作未来卫星的下一代操作系统。研究中考虑到以下几点: ·任务支持的要求 ·卫星设计的趋势 ·计算机环境的进展 本文是该研究的阶段性报告。     

美伊战后回顾4——没有发生的担心：城镇地区作战

在这次由英美联军独自发起的“自由伊拉克”（Operation lraqi Freedom）作战中，城镇地区作战所占比重极大。就传统军事教范观点来看，城镇地区作战向来被视为一项吃力不讨好的繁重任务，因为即便是攻击方拥有绝对战略主动优势，只要守方能够稳住阵脚，利用城镇地区现成的家屋和建筑物善加战场经营，就有机会在攻击者受限于城镇地区地形无法展开和情报受限的情况下造成对手惨重伤亡。从二战时葬送整个德国第六军团的斯大林格勒到让俄罗斯装甲纵队灰头土脸的车臣首府格罗兹尼，血淋淋的教训都明确验证了城镇地区作战的困难。     

1968年国际实用温标的展望

自68国际实用温标正式通过以来,巳将近二十年了。这段时间内一直围绕继68国际实用温标之后的温标可能形式展开讨论。的确,在相当一段时间里认为1987年可能为通过新温标的日期。在70年代末期,有关计温学方面大量新工作已经取得成果。从0.5K 至金点1337K 整个范围内,热力学温度的测量已基本上完成或取得很大的进展。我们发现,热力学温度与国际实用温标明显不同,其差值比原来所估计的要大得多,特别是在0℃至460℃范围内。在0℃以下,铂电阻温度计内插方程的新工作表明,可建设一个新方程,比68温标中所使用的更精确更简单,此外还大大     

Detectability of planetary characteristics in disk-averaged spectra II: synthetic spectra and light-curves of earth

Spatially and spectrally resolved models were used to explore the observational sensitivity to changes in atmospheric and surface properties and the detectability of surface biosignatures in the globally averaged spectra and light-curves of the Earth. Compared with previous efforts to characterize the Earth using disk-averaged models, a more comprehensive and realistic treatment of the surface and atmosphere was taken into account here. Our results are presented as a function of viewing geometry and phases at both visible/near-infrared (0.5-1.7 microm) and mid-infrared (5-25 microm) wavelength ranges, applicable to the proposed NASA-Terrestrial Planet Finder visible coronagraph and mid-infrared interferometer and to the ESADarwin mission architectures. Clouds can change the thermal emission by as much as 50% compared with the cloud-free case and increase the visible albedo by up to 500% for completely overcast cases at the dichotomy phase. Depending on the observed phase and their distribution and type, clouds can also significantly alter the spectral shape. Moreover, clouds impact the detectability of surface biosignatures in the visible wavelength range. Modeling the disk-averaged sensitivity to the "red-edge," a distinctive spectral signature of vegetation, showed that Earth's land vegetation could be seen in disk-averaged spectra, even with cloud cover, when the signal was averaged over the daily time scale. We found that vegetation is more readily discriminated from clouds at dichotomy (50% illumination) rather than at full phase. The detectability of phytoplankton was also explored, but was found to be more difficult to detect in the disk-average than land vegetation.