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971.
J.W. Wilson F.A. Cucinotta H. Tai J.L. Shinn S.Y. Chun R.K. Tripathi L. Sihver 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1998,21(12):1763-1771
A recent set of light ion experiments are analyzed using the Green's function method of solving the Boltzmann equation for ions of high charge and energy (the GRNTRN transport code) and the NUCFRG2 fragmentation database generator code. Although the NUCFRG2 code reasonably represents the fragmentation of heavy ions, the effects of light ion fragmentation requires a more detailed nuclear model including shell structure and short range correlations appearing as tightly bound clusters in the light ion nucleus. The most recent NUCFRG2 code is augmented with a quasielastic alpha knockout model and semiempirical adjustments (up to 30 percent in charge removal) in the fragmentation process allowing reasonable agreement with the experiments to be obtained. A final resolution of the appropriate cross sections must await the full development of a coupled channel reaction model in which shell structure and clustering can be accurately evaluated. 相似文献
972.
Interacting multiple model methods in target tracking: a survey 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Mazor E. Averbuch A. Bar-Shalom Y. Dayan J. 《IEEE transactions on aerospace and electronic systems》1998,34(1):103-123
The Interacting Multiple Model (IMM) estimator is a suboptimal hybrid filter that has been shown to be one of the most cost-effective hybrid state estimation schemes. The main feature of this algorithm is its ability to estimate the state of a dynamic system with several behavior modes which can “switch” from one to another. In particular, the IMM estimator can be a self-adjusting variable-bandwidth filter, which makes it natural for tracking maneuvering targets. The importance of this approach is that it is the best compromise available currently-between complexity and performance: its computational requirements are nearly linear in the size of the problem (number of models) while its performance is almost the same as that of an algorithm with quadratic complexity. The objective of this work is to survey and put in perspective the existing IMM methods for target tracking problems. Special attention is given to the assumptions underlying each algorithm and its applicability to various situations 相似文献
973.
Results of our investigation showed that occurrence frequency of Pi2 over a 24 hour period undergoes seasonal variations in time coincidence with foF2. In the winter months, at sunrise and sunset (when foF2gradients are the largest) the observation probability of these oscillations is minimal. At periods of summer solstice when the F2-layer persists almost round the clock, no effect of Pi2 pulsation attenuation is observed at sunrise and sunset. The pulsation amplitudes behave in a similar manner. Results of this study suggest the conclusion that the propagation of signal from the Pi2 sourse into the mid-latitudes, and also the parameters of these pulsations are essentially affected by electron density in the ionospheric F2-layer. 相似文献
974.
G. A. Bazilevskaya M. S. Kalinin M. B. Krainev V. S. Makhmutov A. K. Svirzhevskaya N. S. Svirzhevsky Y. I. Stozhkov 《Cosmic Research》2016,54(3):171-177
Quasi-biennial oscillations (QBO) of solar activity (T ≈ 1–4 years) are considered to be a variation of basic solar activity, associated with the solar dynamo process. They are transferred into interplanetary space by the open magnetic flux of the Sun, generating QBO in the intensity of cosmic rays (CR). This paper discusses the observational characteristics of QBO in CR and their relationship with QBO on the Sun and in the interplanetary medium. The delay time of QBO in CR relative to the solar and heliospheric magnetic field suggests that the formation of QBO in the open magnetic flux of the Sun occurs within 3–5 months. The paper considers the question of the prominent periodicity of CR (T = 1.6 years) that has prevailed in CR and in the heliospheric magnetic field for more than 10 years but was not stable over 60 years of observations. Distinctions in the characteristics of QBO and long-term variations of CR suggest features of the mechanism of their formation. 相似文献
975.
976.
D Janik B Macler Y Thorstenson R Sauer R D MacElroy 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1989,9(8):117-120
Iodine is used to disinfect potable water on United States spacecraft. Iodinated potable water will likely be used to grow plants in space. Little is known about the effects of iodine disinfection products on plants. Seeds of select higher plants were germinated in water iodinated using the Shuttle Microbial Check Valve, and water to which measured amounts of iodide was added. Percent germination was decreased in seeds of most species germinated in iodinated water. Beans were most affected. Germination rates, determined from germination half-times, were decreased for beans germinated in iodinated water, and water to which iodide was added. Development was retarded and rootlets were conspicuously absent in bean and several other plant species germinated in iodinated water. Iodide alone did not elicit these responses. Clearly iodine disinfection products can affect higher plants. These effects must be carefully considered for plant experimentation and cultivation in space, and in design and testing of closed environmental life support systems. 相似文献
977.
Y. -M. Wang 《Space Science Reviews》1994,70(1-2):387-390
Empirical studies have shown that the solar wind speed at Earth is inversely correlated with the areal expansion rate of magnetic flux tubes near the Sun. Recent model calculations that include a self-consistent determination of the coronal temperature allow one to understand the physical basis of this relationship; they also suggest why the solar wind mass flux is relatively constant. 相似文献
978.
Y. Haba Y. Terashima H. Kunieda K. Ohsuga 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2008,41(1):174-179
We present the results of a systematic study of narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxies (NLS1s) observed with XMM-Newton. The 2–12 keV X-ray spectra of NLS1s are well represented by a single power law with a photon index Γ ∼ 2. When this hard power law continuum is extrapolated into the low energy band, we found that all objects in our sample show prominent soft excess emission. This excess emission is well parameterized by the thermal emission expected from an optically thick accretion disk, and we found the following three peculiar features: (1) The derived disk temperatures are significantly higher than the expectation from a standard Shakura-Sunyaev accretion disk, if we assume a central mass of a black hole to be 106–8M⊙. (2) The temperatures are distributed within narrow range (ΔkT ∼ 0.08 keV) with an average temperature of 0.18 keV in spite of the range of four orders of magnitude in luminosity (1041–45 erg s−1). (3) We found a peculiar temperature–luminosity relation, where the luminosity seems to be almost saturated in spite of the significant change in temperature, during the observations of the most luminous NLS1 PKS 0558-504. These results strongly suggest that the standard accretion disk picture is no longer appropriate in the nuclei of NLS1s. We discuss a possible origin for the soft excess component, and suggest that a slim disk may be able to explain the observational results, if the photon trapping effect is properly taken into account. 相似文献
979.
Development of a SAR digital system 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Yeo T.S. Zhang C.B. Lu Y.H. Ren T. 《Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine, IEEE》1999,14(5):37-41
A data acquisition system for an airborne SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) was designed and implemented. DSP is used for the first time in the implementation of a SAR data acquisition system. A novel precision programmable timer using the DDS (Direct Digital Synthesis) technique was designed, built, and successfully tested to provide increased flexibility, reliability and stability 相似文献
980.
Numerically robust implementation of multiple-model algorithms 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Standard implementation of multiple-model (MM) estimation algorithms may suffer from numerical problems, especially numerical underflows, which occur when the true model is vastly different from one or more models used in the algorithm. This may be devastating to the performance of the MM algorithm. Numerical robust implementations of some of the most popular MM algorithms are presented. Simulation results are provided to verify the proposed implementation and to compare with the implementations with a lower bound 相似文献