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911.
H. Suzuki M. Fujimoto I. Shinohara 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2002,30(12):2663-2666
Current sheet instabilities having wavenumber vectors parallel to the current direction are studied as a linear eigenvalue problem in a two-fluid system where electrons are treated as a finite-mass charge neutralizing component. Focusing on ion-scale current sheets, we show that a hybrid scale current sheet kink instability (CSKI) is one of the major instabilities to appear. The hybrid scale CSKI in a magnetotail-like situation has a wavelength much shorter than the well-studied drift-kink instability (DKI). While most of the previous studies have focused on the long-wavelength range, a full-particle simulation with much larger ion-to-electron mass ratio (RM = 400) shows the growth of the hybrid scale CSKI as predicted by linear analyses. We also show that the CSKI has large growth rates in a magnetopause-like situation. 相似文献
912.
Hypokinesia (decreased motor activity) induces insignificant bone mineral changes. The aim of this study was to measure mineralization, density, and also electrolyte content in the femur of rats during prolonged hypokinesia (HK). Studies were done on 144 male Wistar rats (370-390 g) during 15 days period of pre-HK and 90 days period of HK. Rats were equally divided into two groups: hypokinetic rats (HKR) and vivarium control (VCR). The HKR group of rats was kept in small individual cages. Femur mineralization density, ash mineral content, calcium (Ca) and phosphate (P) content, and plasma Ca and P concentration were measured. In the HKR group body weight, femur mineralization, density, ash mineral content, Ca and P concentration decreased significantly (p < or = 0.01) while plasma Ca and P concentration increased significantly (p < or = 0.01) when compared with the VCR group. The measured parameters did not change significantly in the VCR group when compared with the baseline control values. It was concluded that prolonged HK induces a significant reduction in electrolyte concentration accompanied by decreased mineralization, density, and ash mineral content of the femur of rats. 相似文献
913.
Tracking considerations in selection of radar waveform for rangeand range-rate measurements 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Ruixin Niu Willett P. Bar-Shalom Y. 《IEEE transactions on aerospace and electronic systems》2002,38(2):467-487
The conventional approach for tracking system design is to treat the detection and tracking subsystems as completely independent units. However, the two subsystems can be designed jointly to improve system (tracking) performance. It is known that different radar signal waveforms result in very different resolution cell shapes (for example, a rectangle versus an eccentric parallelogram) in the range/range-rate space, and that there are corresponding differences in overall tracking performance. We develop a framework for the analysis of this performance. An imperfect detection process, false alarms, target dynamics, and the matched filter sampling grid are all accounted for, using the Markov chain approach of Li and Bar-Shalom. The role of the grid is stressed, and it is seen that the measurement-extraction process from contiguous radar "hits" is very important. A number of conclusions are given, perhaps the most interesting of which is the corroboration in the new measurement space of Fitzgerald's result for delay-only (i.e., range) measurements, that a linear FM upsweep offers very good tracking performance 相似文献
914.
Scattering of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation by hot gas in clusters of galaxies produces a unique spectral signature – the Sunyaev–Zeldovich (S–Z) effect – that constitutes an important cosmological probe. The effect has been sensitively measured in more than 40 clusters, mostly with ground-based interferometric arrays operating at low microwave frequencies. These measurements have already yielded important information on cluster masses, and the Hubble constant. The scientific yield will be greatly increased when spectral and high-resolution spatial measurements of the effect in a large sample of nearby clusters will be made with stratospheric telescopes equipped with bolometric arrays. I review the current status of observational and theoretical S–Z work, and describe the main goals and challenges of using the effect as a more precise probe of cluster properties and cosmological parameters. 相似文献
915.
探讨了一种车辆性能与尾气监测系统(VPEMS)的设计.该系统装有发动机管理系统(EMS),具有多种传感器系统车辆的接口能力.文中阐述了适用于验证柴油机和汽油机数据的程序方法.VPEMS原型系统的试验包括对两台装有各种仪器车辆的试验台测试及野外测试.试验结果表明,每个子系统均达到了预定指标,其中一氧化碳、二氧化碳和一氧化氮量与实际监测值的偏差分别小于11.5%, 8.1%和17.7%.基于试验结果,文中给出了一个创建车辆性能、尾气与时间和空间相关的参考数据库实例. 相似文献
916.
On joint track initiation and parameter estimation under measurement origin uncertainty 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Huimin Chen Li X.R. Bar-Shalom Y. 《IEEE transactions on aerospace and electronic systems》2004,40(2):675-694
The problem of joint detection and estimation for track initiation under measurement origin uncertainty is studied. The two well-known approaches, namely the maximum likelihood estimator with probabilistic data association (ML-PDA) and the multiple hypotheses tracking (MHT) via multiframe assignment, are characterized as special cases of the generalized likelihood ratio test (GLRT) and their performance limits indicated. A new detection scheme based on the optimal gating is proposed and the associated parameter estimation scheme modified within the ML-PDA framework. A simplified example shows the effectiveness of the new algorithm in detection performance under heavy clutter. Extension of the results to state estimation with measurement origin uncertainty is also discussed with emphasis on joint detection and recursive state estimation. 相似文献
917.
Sinha A. Kirubarajan T. Bar-Shalom Y. 《IEEE transactions on aerospace and electronic systems》2007,43(3):1107-1108
Explicit expressions are derived for the bias and the variance of the maximum likelihood (ML) estimator of the Gumbel distribution. 相似文献
918.
Bashan E. Weiss A.J. Bar-Shalom Y. 《IEEE transactions on aerospace and electronic systems》2007,43(4):1250-1264
We examine large-sample properties of the maximum- likelihood estimator (MLE) in the vicinity of points where the Fisher information measure (FIM) equals zero. Under mild regularity conditions the MLE is asymptotically efficient and therefore lower bounded by the Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) [5], which diverges for such points. When a linear sensor array is used for angle-of-arrival (AOA) estimation, the CRLB diverges as the AOA approaches pi/2. We provide new results characterizing the MLE performance in the AOA problem. 相似文献
919.
Multiassignment for tracking a large number of overlapping objects[and application to fibroblast cells] 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Kirubarajan T. Bar-Shalom Y. Pattipati K.R. 《IEEE transactions on aerospace and electronic systems》2001,37(1):2-21
In this paper we present a new technique for data association using multiassignment for tracking a large number of closely spaced (and overlapping) objects. The algorithm is illustrated on a biomedical problem, namely the tracking of a group of fibroblast (tissue) cells from an image sequence, which motivated this work. Because of their proximity to one another and due to the difficulties in segmenting the images accurately from a poor-quality image sequence, the cells are effectively closely spaced objects (CSOs). The algorithm presents a novel dichotomous, iterated approach to multiassignment using successive one-to-one assignments of decreasing size with modified costs. The cost functions, which are adjusted depending on the “depth” of the current assignment level and on the tracking results, are derived. The resulting assignments are used to form, maintain and terminate tracks with a modified version of the probabilistic data association (PDA) filter, which can handle the contention for a single measurement among multiple tracks in addition to the association of multiple measurements to a single track. Estimation results are given and compared with those of the standard 2D one-to-one assignment algorithm. It is shown that iterated multiassignment results in superior measurement-to-track association. The algorithms presented can be used for other general tracking problems, including dense air traffic surveillance and control 相似文献
920.
T Nakamura Y Negishi R Funada M Yamada 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2001,27(5):957-960
We examined whether sedimentable amyloplasts act as statolith in the perception of gravity in woody stems using the elongated internodes of Japanese cherry (Prunus jamasakura Sieb. ex Koidz.). In the internode of the seedlings grown on earth, amyloplasts were found sedimented at the distal end of each cell of the endodermal starch sheath tissue. In the internode grown on three-dimensional (3-D) clinostat, amyloplasts were dispersed throughout the cell matrix in the endodermal starch sheath tissue. After changing the positions of the internode from vertical to horizontal, re-sedimentation of amyloplasts toward the direction of gravity was completed in 1h, whereas the bending of the internode was observed after 12 days. We propose that sedimentable amyloplasts in the endodermal starch sheath cells may play a role in gravity perception leading to secondary xylem formation in the secondary thickening growth and eccentric growth in gravi-bending of tree stems. 相似文献