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11.
俄罗斯“月球-全球”和“月球-资源”探月任务 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
俄罗斯月球-全球-1着陆器将于2015年发射,主要目的是测试月球着陆器的软着陆技术。月球-全球-2轨道器计划于2016年发射,将先后在距月面500km、150km和50km的高度上飞行。2017年计划发射的月球-资源-1着陆器,将是搭载大量科学载荷和承担相应探测任务的月面科学研究站。与苏联时期所研制的月球车相比,分别在月球-资源-2和月球-资源-3着陆器上搭载的俄罗斯新一代月球车——月球车-3和月球车-4,将携带更加先进的科学仪器,能够精确分析采集样品的化学成分、光谱特征等。其运行模式包括行走、勘察、接近目标、接触目标和样品采集与分析,将对月球极区表面环境进行全面探测。结合对俄罗斯"月球-全球"和"月球-资源"探月任务的介绍,针对中国的探月计划提出如下建议:探月任务的实施,应以科学研究为主要目的,以建立月球基地为目标,借鉴国外探月技术,开展国际合作,为形成独立的月球科学体系打下坚实基础。 相似文献
12.
N. Kartashkina Y. Lomonosova T.F. Shevchenko A.E. Bugrova O.V. Turtikova G.R. Kalamkarov T.L. Nemirovskaya 《Acta Astronautica》2011,68(9-10):1486-1494
Gravitational unloading results in pronounced atrophy of m.soleus. Probably, the output of NO is controlled by the muscle activity. We hypothesized that NO may be involved in the protein metabolism and increase of its concentration in muscle can prevent atrophic changes induced by gravitational unloading. In order to test the hypothesis we applied NO donor l-arginine during gravitational unloading. 2.5-month-old male Wistar rats weighing 220–230g were divided into sedentary control group (CTR, n=7), 14-day hindlimb suspension (HS, n=7), 14 days of hindlimb suspension+l-arginine (HSL, n=7) (with a daily supplementation of 500 mg/kg wt l-arginine) and 14 days of hindlimb suspension+l-NAME (HSN, n=7) (90 mg/kg wt during 14 days). Cross sectional area (CSA) of slow twitch (ST) and fast twitch (FT) soleus muscle fibers decreased by 45% and 28% in the HS group (p<0.05) and 40% and 25% in the HSN group, as compared to the CTR group (p<0.05), respectively. CSA of ST and FT muscle fibers were 25% and 16% larger in the HSL group in comparison with the HS group (p<0.05), respectively. The atrophy of FT muscle fibers in the HSL group was completely prevented since FT fiber CSA had no significant differences from the CTR group. In HS group, the percentage of fibers revealing either gaps/disruption of the dystrophin layer of the myofiber surface membrane increased by 27% and 17%, respectively, as compared to the controls (CTR group, p<0.05). The destructions in dystrophin layer integrity and reductions of desmin content were significantly prevented in HSL group. NO concentration decreased by 60% in the HS group (as well as HSN group) and at the same time no changes were detectable in the HSL group. This fact indicates the compensation of NO content in the unloaded muscle under l-arginine administration. The levels of atrogin-1 mRNA were considerably altered in suspended animals (HS group: plus 27%, HSL group: minus 13%) as compared to the control level. Conclusion: l-arginine administration allows maintaining NO concentration in m.soleus at the level of cage control group, prevents from dystrophin layer destruction, decreases the atrogin mRNA concentration in the muscle and atrophy level under gravitational unloading. 相似文献
13.
The ALTEA/ALTEINO projects: studying functional effects of microgravity and cosmic radiation. 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
L Narici F Belli V Bidoli M Casolino M P De Pascale L Di Fino G Furano I Modena A Morselli P Picozza E Reali A Rinaldi D Ruggieri R Sparvoli V Zaconte W G Sannita S Carozzo S Licoccia P Romagnoli E Traversa V Cotronei M Vazquez J Miller V P Salnitskii O I Shevchenko V P Petrov K A Trukhanov A Galper A Khodarovich M G Korotkov A Popov N Vavilov S Avdeev M Boezio W Bonvicini A Vacchi N Zampa G Mazzenga M Ricci P Spillantini G Castellini R Vittori P Carlson C Fuglesang D Schardt 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2004,33(8):1352-1357
14.
Mitrofanov IG Sanin AB Golovin DV Litvak ML Konovalov AA Kozyrev AS Malakhov AV Mokrousov MI Tretyakov VI Troshin VS Uvarov VN Varenikov AB Vostrukhin AA Shevchenko VV Shvetsov VN Krylov AR Timoshenko GN Bobrovnitsky YI Tomilina TM Grebennikov AS Kazakov LL Sagdeev RZ Milikh GN Bartels A Chin G Floyd S Garvin J Keller J McClanahan T Trombka J Boynton W Harshman K Starr R Evans L 《Astrobiology》2008,8(4):793-804
The scientific objectives of neutron mapping of the Moon are presented as 3 investigation tasks of NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter mission. Two tasks focus on mapping hydrogen content over the entire Moon and on testing the presence of water-ice deposits at the bottom of permanently shadowed craters at the lunar poles. The third task corresponds to the determination of neutron contribution to the total radiation dose at an altitude of 50 km above the Moon. We show that the Lunar Exploration Neutron Detector (LEND) will be capable of carrying out all 3 investigations. The design concept of LEND is presented together with results of numerical simulations of the instrument's sensitivity for hydrogen detection. The sensitivity of LEND is shown to be characterized by a hydrogen detection limit of about 100 ppm for a polar reference area with a radius of 5 km. If the presence of ice deposits in polar "cold traps" is confirmed, a unique record of many millions of years of lunar history would be obtained, by which the history of lunar impacts could be discerned from the layers of water ice and dust. Future applications of a LEND-type instrument for Mars orbital observations are also discussed. 相似文献
15.
Patterns of cortical microtubules formed in epidermis of Beta vulgaris L. roots under clinorotation.
G V Shevchenko 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1999,24(6):739-742
Changes of cortical microtubules (MTs) from the normal transverse arrangement were observed in epidermal cells of Beta vulgaris roots under clinorotation. We hypothesize that the epidermis is sensitive to clinorotation and that the microtubular cytoskeleton plays a key role in the ensuing growth response. 相似文献
16.
A.A. Berezhnoy E.A. Kozlova M.P. Sinitsyn A.A. Shangaraev V.V. Shevchenko 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2012
Temperature regime at the LCROSS impact site is studied. All detected species in the Cabeus crater as well as CH4 and CO clathrate hydrates except H2, CO, and CH4 are stable against evaporation at the LCROSS impact site. CO and CH4 can be chemisorbed at the surface of the regolith particles and exist in the form of clathrate hydrates in the lunar cold traps. Flux rates of delivery of volatile species by asteroids, micrometeoroids, O-rich, C-rich, and low-speed comets into the permanently shadowed regions are estimated. Significant amounts of H2O, CO, H2, H2S, SO2, and CO2 can be impact-produced during collisions between asteroids and O-rich comets with the Moon while CH3OH, NH3 and complex organic species survive during low-speed comet impacts as products of disequilibrium processes. C-rich comets are main sources of CH4, and C2H4. 相似文献
17.
Based on the Chirikov approach [1, 2] within the context of the theory of separatrix mappings, we suggest and substantiate a simple method for estimating the maximum Lyapunov characteristic exponent (MLCE) of motion in a chaotic layer in the neighborhood of nonlinear resonance separatrix of a Hamiltonian system under an asymmetric periodic perturbation. For a number of natural planetary satellites, using this method, the estimates are made of the MLCE of chaotic rotation (relative to the center of mass) in the main chaotic layer, i.e., in the chaotic layer in the neighborhood of a synchronous resonance separatrix. The value of the MLCE is determined by an orbital eccentricity and by the parameter of the satellite's dynamic asymmetry. The quantity inverse to the MLCE gives a typical time of predictable rotational motion. 相似文献