面向航空发动机研制的数字孪生定义研究

数字孪生是21世纪诞生的一种技术体系和工作模式,目前已经在学术界、工业界和官方研究机构得到广泛研究和实践应用。为了在航空发动机研制中准确运用数字孪生,就必须明确其定义及内涵。在前期通过文献统计分析得到数字孪生定义模型的基础上,对不同研究视角下的典型定义进行分析、归纳,明确数字孪生的核心要素,以及不同要素的相互关系、在数字孪生中的作用。以此得到面向复杂装备研制的数字孪生定义,并结合航空发动机研制的特定实践,将之具象化为航空发动机研制的数字孪生定义。结果表明：面向航空发动机研制的数字孪生定义核心要素是发动机实体、孪生模型、数据和交互,数字孪生以航空发动机实体为实现载体,以孪生模型为实现功能的核心,以数据和交互作为媒介和推动手段,最终达到提高航空发动机质量、保障航空发动机运行的目的。     

不同壁温及差分格式下超燃冲压发动机的仿真

针对圆截面超燃冲压发动机相关实验进行数值仿真,采用了不同的壁面温度条件和差分格式,并探究其对仿真结果的影响规律。结果表明采用常用的绝热壁面边界条件会导致激波边界层交互位置处的回流区变大,进而导致流道收缩,壁面压力升高。采用高精度格式不仅不能更为精确地计算回流区的大小,反而会使回流区面积变得更大。通过改变壁面边界条件,采用300 K的等温壁面,可以使激波边界层交互位置处的回流区变得极小,使仿真结果与实验结果十分吻合。计算结果表明,针对当前构型与实验条件,盲目提高数值格式的精度并不一定会得到更好的结果,相反可能会使仿真与实验更加偏离,而适当修改壁面温度条件,即使数值格式精度较低,仍然可以得到很好的仿真结果。最后,针对与实验结果吻合的仿真结果,分析了圆截面超燃冲压发动机的流场特性,重点研究了凹腔剪切层及其质量交换特性。     

30cm离子推力器在轨环境下的工作点及热控措施研究

栅极间距变化是影响离子推力器在轨环境下从冷态条件正常点火启动的重要因素,同时也决定了离子推力器的在轨工作时机和热控实施策略。本文采用有限元仿真与地面热平衡试验验证相结合的方法,建立起30cm离子推力器有限元分析模型并进行了模型校验,之后对离子推力器在轨受太阳光照影响的栅极温度场分布和间距变化,以及推力器在5kW工况下的三个典型温度点所对应的栅极间距变化进行了仿真分析,最后考虑了主动热控干预对推力器最恶劣工作点的栅极间距变化影响。结果显示：纯太阳光照影响下的栅极组件存在周期性温度变化,栅极最大温差可达到100℃,栅间距缩小量在0.06mm~0.16mm范围内波动;在太阳光照基础上实施60W的主动热控后,栅极最大温差降低至60℃,栅间距缩小量波动范围则变为0~0.03mm;栅极最高温度点和最低温度点分别是推力器冷态启动最容易和最困难的两个工作时机点,两点所对应的启动后屏栅和加速栅最小间距分别为0.22mm和0.04mm;在10W、70W和120W的热控加热功率下,从最低温度点启动后的屏栅和加速栅最小间距分别为0.06mm、0.20mm和0.29mm;采取主动热控措施能够有效降低推力器工作过程中的栅极热形变位移峰值,且加热功率为120W即温控点温度为50℃的主动热控可以满足30cm离子推力器在轨冷态启动时的0.25mm安全栅极间距要求。     

“汽电双驱”系统电机瞬态性能仿真研究

以上海电机厂有限公司“汽电双驱”项目中三相异步电动机/发电机为依据,基于以Ansoft软件,利用场路耦合法对系统中异步电机的瞬态性能进行分析。该电机为6 800 kW,750 r/min。针对其3种不同的工况,即空载起动、风机负载起动、大负载起动,分别进行分析计算,模拟系统中电机由电动机状态切换成发电机状态的过程,获得该三相异步电机在不同状态下的瞬时起动电流、电磁转矩、气隙磁密等电气参数,进而分析该异步电机的瞬态性能和相应的电磁场分布。     

Design and application of an Electric Tail Rotor Drive Control (ETRDC) for helicopters with performance tests

With the development of electric helicopters’ motor technology and the widespread use of electric drive rotors, more aircraft use electric rotors to provide thrust and directional control. For a helicopter tail rotor, the wake of the main rotor influences the tail rotor’s inflow and wake. In the procedure of controlling, crosswind will also cause changes to the tail disk load. This paper describes requirements and design principles of an electric motor drive and variable pitch tail rotor system. A particular spoke-type architecture of the motor is designed, and the performance of blades is analyzed by the CFD method. The demand for simplicity of moving parts and strict constraints on the weight of a helicopter makes the design of electrical and mechanical components challenging. Different solutions have been investigated to propose an effective alternative to the mechanical actuation system. A test platform is constructed which can collect the dynamic response of the thrust control. The enhancement of the response speed due to an individual motor speed control and variable-pitch system is validated.     

Satellite proximate interception vector guidance based on differential games

This paper studies the proximate satellite interception guidance strategies where both the interceptor and target can perform orbital maneuvers with magnitude limited thrusts. This problem is regarded as a pursuit-evasion game since satellites in both sides will try their best to capture or escape. In this game, the distance of these two players is small enough so that the highly nonlinear earth-centered gravitational dynamics can be reduced to the linear Clohessy-Wiltshire (CW) equations. The system is then simplified by introducing the zero effort miss variables. Saddle solution is formulated for the pursuit-evasion game and time-to-go is estimated similarly as that for the exo-atmospheric interception. Then a vector guidance is derived to ensure that the interception can be achieved in the optimal time. The proposed guidance law is validated by numerical simulations.     

A multi-order method for predicting stability of a multi-delay milling system considering helix angle and run-out effects

In this paper, a multi-delay milling system considering helix angle and run-out effects is firstly established. An exponential cutting force model is used to model the interaction between a work-piece and a cutting tool, and a new approach is presented for accurately calibrating exponential cutting force coefficients and cutter run-out parameters. Furthermore, based on an implicit multi-step Adams formula and an improved precise time-integration algorithm, a novel stability prediction method is proposed to predict the stability of the system. The involved time delay term and periodic coefficient term are integrated as a comprehensive state term in the integral response which is approximated by the Adams formula. Then, a Floquet transition matrix with an arbitrary-order form is constructed by using a series of matrix multiplication, and the stability of the system is determined by the Floquet theory. Compared to classical semi-discretization methods and full-discretization methods, the developed method shows a good performance in convergence, efficiency, accuracy, and multi-order complexity. A series of cutting tests is further carried out to validate the practicability and effectiveness of the proposed method. The results show that the calibration process needs a time of less than 5 min, and the stability prediction method is effective.     

改进的Neumann-LU混合法在失谐整体叶盘随机分析中的应用

为了降低失谐整体叶盘的随机分析矩阵求逆的计算成本,提出一种基于Neumann级数和LU分解的改进Neumann-LU混合法。一方面,在非共振频率附近的大区域采用Neumann级数频域展开式以提高计算效率;另一方面,在共振频率附近小区域采用LU分解法以提高计算计算精度;根据Neumann级数展开项数来选定自适应阀值,实现两种矩阵求逆方法的自动转换而不用消耗额外的计算资源。选取具有失谐特征的整体叶盘为研究对象,分别运用改进的Neumann-LU混合法和单一LU分解法求解叶片在阶次激励下的频域响应,并从计算效率和计算精度方面进行比较。研究结果表明,在保证计算精度误差不大于0.1%的前提下,改进的Neumann-LU混合法可以提高失谐整体叶盘随机分析大约55%的计算效率。     

径向进气系统设计探讨及实验研究

对于双轴压气机实验平台径向进气系统,为研究蜂窝器改善系统供气品质所发挥的作用,应用数值模拟对蜂窝器在进气道的布置位置进行研究,并应用五孔探针实验测量了含有蜂窝器的进气系统过渡段处的气动参数。模拟结果显示蜂窝器布置在弯头的前部及中部均能有效改善流动。实验测量结果显示气流偏航角小于2°,总压、静压及马赫数周向分布均匀,总压恢复系数大于98.3%。实验结果与模拟结果吻合较好,验证了数值研究方法的可信度和可靠性,同时也证明该进气系统的先进性。     

涡扇发动机低压部件通流耦合计算

为了研究各部件匹配与过渡段几何参数对发动机总体性能的影响,针对某涡扇发动机风扇、低压涡轮、内外涵道、掺混段和尾喷管等部件,基于周向平均Navier-St okes通流控制方程,采用时间推进有限体积法进行了部件耦合计算求解,将沿程各部件性能计算参数与试验做了对比,结果表明:在设计状态下发动机沿程各截面计算特征参数与试验值最大误差不超过5.0%,说明该通流耦合计算方法能够快速预估发动机总体性能,完善各部件匹配关系,在发动机总体设计初期有一定工程应用价值。