用于同步轨道确定的地面站天线指向性能

本文给出了雷杜站跟踪欧空局ECS-1和OTS-2通信卫星所得近一年的角跟踪数据进行精度鉴定的结果。可从另一个地面站得到另外的测距数据的时间内,可以以较高的精度直接测出这些误差。测得的角误差代入相应的解析式中,就可以预测用类似跟踪系统对于其他同步轨道任务的定轨精度。     

Temporal changes in fluid chemistry and energy profiles in the vulcano island hydrothermal system

In June 2003, the geochemical composition of geothermal fluids was determined at 9 sites in the Vulcano hydrothermal system, including sediment seeps, geothermal wells, and submarine vents. Compositional data were combined with standard state reaction properties to determine the overall Gibbs free energy (DeltaG(r) ) for 120 potential lithotrophic and heterotrophic reactions. Lithotrophic reactions in the H-O-N-S-C-Fe system were considered, and exergonic reactions yielded up to 120 kJ per mole of electrons transferred. The potential for heterotrophy was characterized by energy yields from the complete oxidation of 6 carboxylic acids- formic, acetic, propanoic, lactic, pyruvic, and succinic-with the following redox pairs: O(2)/H(2)O, SO(4) (2)/H(2)S, NO(3) ()/NH(4) (+), S(0)/H(2)S, and Fe(3)O(4)/Fe(2+). Heterotrophic reactions yielded 6-111 kJ/mol e(). Energy yields from both lithotrophic and heterotrophic reactions were highly dependent on the terminal electron acceptor (TEA); reactions with O(2) yielded the most energy, followed by those with NO(3) (), Fe(III), SO(4) (2), and S(0). When only reactions with complete TEA reduction were included, the exergonic lithotrophic reactions followed a similar electron tower. Spatial variability in DeltaG(r) was significant for iron redox reactions, owing largely to the wide range in Fe(2+) and H(+) concentrations. Energy yields were compared to those obtained for samples collected in June 2001. The temporal variations in geochemical composition and energy yields observed in the Vulcano hydrothermal system between 2001 and 2003 were moderate. The largest differences in DeltaG(r) over the 2 years were from iron redox reactions, due to temporal changes in the Fe(2+) and H(+) concentrations. The observed variations in fluid composition across the Vulcano hydrothermal system have the potential to influence not only microbial diversity but also the metabolic strategies of the resident microbial communities.     

中俄联合火星电离层星-星掩星探测

中俄联合火星星-星掩星探测是人类首次在火星空间环境进行此类的联合试验。用于探测火星电离层的星-星掩星技术较以前星地间的探测技术相比,有可接收高信噪比信号,反演精度高,可探测火星上太阳天顶角大于43°,或者小于138°的区域电离层等优点。本文介绍了中俄联合火星星-星掩星探测方案、基本原理,给出了主要技术指标、地面模拟测试结果。     

曲面和任意取向表面表面摩阻油膜测量法的进展

本文叙述曲面和任意取向表面表面摩阻测量方法的进一步的发展.介绍用漫射照明获取薄油膜等厚度干涉条纹谱的理论根据和实验结果.讨论了通过油流显示图像的分析,自动探测表面流线方位的可能性.所得结论表明油膜法也能应用于复杂的三维流动.     

测定弹体相对于固定或运动目标脱靶距离的装置

测定弹体相对于固定或运动目标脱靶距离的装置,包括若干个压力传感器(至少能在四个点上感测由弹体产生的压力波),以及由压力波产生相应电信号的器件。该装置还可包括计算到波源点(按压力波的特征也叫冲击产生点)距离的计算机电路。这个距离在以前已熟悉的测量装置中叫“脱靶距离”,但根据这项发明,脱靶距离定义为弹和靶之问的最短距离。本发明一个目的就是确定这个距离,以及弹体在该脱靶时刻的确切位置。在本发明的装置中,用布置在多面体顶角上的至少四个压力传感器来计算弹道的方向。测量压力波经过传感系统中压力传感器的时间差,由这些时间差以及测得的到冲击产生点的距离,就能给出该点在压力传感系统座标系的确切位置。该装置还有第二个压力传感系统,该系统可测出第一个压力传感系统相对于水平面的高度,或者感测后一瞬间压力波的经过。由这些数据计算机电路可以给出弹道的方向,加上冲击发生点就能给出所需的弹道。对于射击固定目标,计算机电路给出弹道上的第二个点,加上冲击发生点就能得到弹道本身。     

利用一种声学阀门对发动机燃烧不稳定性进行的被动控制(英文)

为了对发动机燃烧不稳定性进行被动控制,利用亥姆赫兹声学共振器原理,设计一种声学阀门,当一个管道侧面安装的亥姆赫兹共振器的空腔壁面是柔软的时候,声学阀门的性能与频率就没有很强的关系,从而实现由于热声学不稳定带来的压力和热释放导致的不稳定燃烧进行被动控制。阀门的功能是让声音通过,但它必须阻止时间平均意义上的流动。本文对带有这种装置的热声学特征根问题给出数值解。结果显示声学阀门对燃烧室内的驻波结构造成很大改变,进而可以消除不稳定的特征根模态。只要阀门具备足够的尺寸,这种效果可以在任意的线性火焰声学特性中广泛实现。     

Microbially induced iron precipitation associated with a neutrophilic spring at Borra Caves, Vishakhapatnam, India

The present investigation uncovers various pieces of evidence for the possible biologically induced mineralization in iron mats associated with a pH-neutral spring in the Borra caves, Vishakhapatnam, India. Electron microscopy [scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM)] demonstrated large numbers of (i) hollow tubes (diameter ～1?μm) resembling sheaths of the iron-oxidizing bacteria Leptothrix, (ii) thin (diameter <1?μm) solid fibers of uncertain origin, (iii) nanoscale subspherical to irregularly shaped particles encrusting tubes and fibers, and (iv) aggregates of broken and partially disintegrated sheaths, fibers, and particles embedded in extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) occasionally including microbial cells. X-ray microanalyses by energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) revealed that the mat accumulated largely Fe but also smaller amounts of Si and traces of P and Ca. Particles rich in Si and Al (possibly kaolinite) and Ca (carbonate) were also observed. High-resolution TEM/EDS of unstained ultrathin sections suggests that microbial sheaths were highly mineralized by amorphous to cryptocrystalline Fe-rich phases and less frequently by other fine-grained and fibrous authigenic claylike minerals. Total number of microorganisms in the iron mats was 5.8×10(5) cells, g sed(-1) (wet weight). Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene diversity revealed microorganisms assigned to eight different phyla [Proteobacteria (62%), Chloroflexi (8%), Bacteroidetes (7%), Planctomycetes (1%), Actinobacteria (5%), Acidobacteria (6%), Nitrospira (1%), Firmicutes (5%)]. Within the Proteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria was the predominant class, which accounted for 28% of the sequences. Within this class some obvious similarities between the obtained sequences and sequences from other cave systems could be seen, especially sequences affiliated with Leptothrix, Siderooxidans, Crenothrix, Comamonadaceae, Dechloromonas, and many uncultured Betaproteobacteria. Four (4%) of the sequences could not be assigned to phylum level but were affiliating with the candidate division TM7 (2%), candidate division OP11 (1%), and candidate division WWE3 (1%). The results allow us to infer a possible relationship of microbial sheaths, EPS, and the iron precipitates to microbial community diversity in the Borra cave springs. Understanding biogenic iron oxides in caves has important astrobiological applications as it provides a potential tool for the detection of extraterrestrial life.     

A theory of circular organization and negative feedback: defining life in a cybernetic context

All life today incorporates a variety of systems controlled by negative feedback loops and sometimes amplified by positive feedback loops. The first forms of life necessarily also required primitive versions of feedback, yet surprisingly little emphasis has been given to the question of how feedback emerged out of primarily chemical systems. One chemical system has been established that spontaneously develops autocatalytic feedback, the Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) reaction. In this essay, I discuss the BZ reaction as a possible model for similar reactions that could have occurred under prebiotic Earth conditions. The main point is that the metabolism of contemporary life evolved from primitive homeostatic networks regulated by negative feedback. Because life could not exist in their absence, feedback loops should be included in definitions of life.     

用于低轨卫星精密轨道确定的简化动力学法

全球定位系统(GPS)的测量量可促成一种简化动力学法,用于近地卫星的近厘末级定轨。利用这种方法,不同观测时刻的卫星状态间的转移由正规的动力学模型和由连续GPS载波相位数据以运动学法导出的卫星位置变化来完成。动力学信息和运动学信息间的相对权重可自由变化。协方差分析表明：当观测几何差而动力学模型好时,模型支配着状态转移的计算;动力模型差而观测几何好时,载波相位统治着状态转移的计算;而当运动学和动力学信息间没有明显优劣时,简化动力学联合法可显著提高轨道精度。本文给出简化动力学法中准最佳的择权准则,并研究了求解精度对权的敏感性。