Mars Phobos and Deimos Survey (M-PADS) – A martian Moons orbiter and Phobos lander

We describe a Mars ‘Micro Mission’ for detailed study of the martian satellites Phobos and Deimos. The mission involves two ∼330 kg spacecraft equipped with solar electric propulsion to reach Mars orbit. The two spacecraft are stacked for launch: an orbiter for remote investigation of the moons and in situ studies of their environment in Mars orbit, and another carrying a lander for in situ measurements on the surface of Phobos (or alternatively Deimos). Phobos and Deimos remain only partially studied, and Deimos less well than Phobos. Mars has almost always been the primary mission objective, while the more dedicated Phobos project (1988–89) failed to realise its full potential. Many questions remain concerning the moons’ origins, evolution, physical nature and composition. Current missions, such as Mars Express, are extending our knowledge of Phobos in some areas but largely neglect Deimos. The objectives of M-PADS focus on: origins and evolution, interactions with Mars, volatiles and interiors, surface features, and differences. The consequent measurement requirements imply both landed and remote sensing payloads. M-PADS is expected to accommodate a 60 kg orbital payload and a 16 kg lander payload. M-PADS resulted from a BNSC-funded study carried out in 2003 to define candidate Mars Micro Mission concepts for ESA’s Aurora programme.     

Report on the Kiso cometary dust trail survey

Cometary dust trails were first observed by IRAS; they are widely known to be the origins of meteoric showers. A new window has been opened for the study of dust trails, using ground-based observations. We succeeded in obtaining direct images of the 22P/Kopff dust trail with the Kiso 1.05-m Schmidt telescope. Following this initial success, we have continued to perform a dust trail survey at Kiso. As a result of this survey, we have detected dust trails along the orbit of six periodic comets, between February 2002 and March 2004. The optical depth of these dust trails are 10⁻⁹ to 10⁻⁸, which is consistent with IRAS measurements. In this paper, we describe the observations and data reduction procedures, and report the brief result obtained between February 2002 and March 2004.     

图像法求液滴表面张力和接触角

空间流体实验具有无人操作的特殊性,需要对监控图像进行实时处理,得到目标参数.本文研究了利用照相机捕捉到的液滴灰度图像,分析求取液滴的表面张力、接触角、体积等物理参数的方法.针对液滴的灰度图像,利用边界提取、域值分割等图像处理方法,得到液滴的基本轮廓.建立基于液面像素点坐标的拉普拉斯方程,运用牛顿一拉夫逊法、龙格-库塔法、坐标轮换法等多种数值方法,对液滴的边界进行拟合,寻求最优的轮廓拟合点.根据最优的拟合点,确定液滴的物理参数.提出了利用牛顿法与一维寻优相结合的算法进行轮廓拟合的方法,并与文献[1]提出的算法进行了比较,证明了该方法具有收敛速度较快,拟合精度较高的特点.该方法是实现空间蒸发液滴热毛细对流和接触角测量实验的一项关键技术,同时也可以运用到非接触测量的实验场合.      

两种层板性能对比

针对常规的141型层板,提出了一种增加50％数量扰流柱的设计,即161型层板.采用实验和数值模拟相结合的办法研究了两种类型层板在流阻和换热方面的差别.换热实验部分采用了辐射式加热设备,测量了层板上下表面平均壁温,以及冷气进、出口截面间的焓差,得到了相应进气雷诺数下的层板体积换热努塞尔数.发现161模型流阻降低20％,换热增强5％.对一些实验工况,采用三维计算流体力学程序进行了流-固耦合传热数值模拟,所得结果在趋势上与实验一致,在数值上,流阻和换热与实验结果分别相差5％和30％.利用数值模拟结果分析并比较了两种模型在流场和表面对流换热系数分布方面的细节差别.      

基于SVM的浮动车行驶模式判断模型

浮动车在低速情况下存在两种行驶模式,如不能对上述模式进行准确区分,将严重影响浮动车实时路况计算的精度和效率.研究和设计了一个基于支持向量机(SVM,Support Vector Machine)的浮动车行驶模式判断模型,并针对性地提出了一种简单的基于隶属度矩阵的特征评价和选择方法.实验表明通过上述方法选择的特征子集所训练的分类器在测试样本集上具有92.6%的分类准确性;经过行驶模式分析后,浮动车系统的准确性有显著提升.      

Neutral Atmospheres

This paper summarizes the understanding of aeronomy of neutral atmospheres in the solar system, discussing most planets as well as Saturn’s moon Titan and comets. The thermal structure and energy balance is compared, highlighting the principal reasons for discrepancies amongst the atmospheres, a combination of atmospheric composition, heliocentric distance and other external energy sources not common to all. The composition of atmospheres is discussed in terms of vertical structure, chemistry and evolution. The final section compares dynamics in the upper atmospheres of most planets and highlights the importance of vertical dynamical coupling as well as magnetospheric forcing in auroral regions, where present. It is shown that a first order understanding of neutral atmospheres has emerged over the past decades, thanks to the combined effects of spacecraft and Earth-based observations as well as advances in theoretical modeling capabilities. Key gaps in our understanding are highlighted which ultimately call for a more comprehensive programme of observation and laboratory measurements.     

航空发动机润滑系统通用分析软件开发

发展了一种全新的航空发动机润滑系统通用分析软件.采用流动换热的网络算法, 将发动机润滑系统分解成由相应的典型元件和节点组成的网络, 用有限的元件和流动介质类型就可描述通用的发动机润滑系统.元件分为简单元件和组合元件, 并和润滑系统结构一一对应, 方便了元件的初始化.软件前台采用图形建模方式生成计算网络, 后台采用了网络自动识别技术, 方便了复杂网络的建立.可视化界面及支撑数据库, 提高了软件的易用性.      

学科间载荷参数空间插值传递方法

针对多学科优化分析中面面耦合学科网格间载荷传递的问题, 提出了在参数空间中的三次函数插值传递方法.该方法将三维空间的源学科载荷点投影到二维参数空间平面上, 用三次插值函数对目标点载荷进行计算.此方法解决了叶片表面弯曲对载荷传递精度的影响.某涡轮叶片温度传递的结果表明本文的方法具有很高的精度.      

航空发动机数控系统中LVDT传感器信号处理及在线故障检测

通过对线位移差动变压器(LVDT)信号处理电路的深刻研究, 给出了芯片发热、温漂、信号精度等问题的一般解决方法, 提出了一种通过软、硬件结合, 在不增加外围器件的情况下对LVDT传感器进行在线故障检测的定值判断法.发动机台架试验结果表明, 所提出的方法是行之有效的.