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411.
A. V. Tavrov O. I. Korablev A. V. Rodin I. I. Vinogradov A. Yu. Trokhimovsky A. Yu. Ivanov L. V. Ksanfomaliti D. A. Orlov 《Cosmic Research》2011,49(2):99-109
In order to observe exoplanets we propose a space-based achromatic stellar coronagraph combined with a 0.8–1.5 m telescope.
We develop an achromatic common path interferometer for observing an exoplanet (a faint off-axis source) on the background
of a hoste star (bright axial source). An image of the star and its copy acquire an achromatic phase shift by 180° and interfere
in antiphase. The achromatic phase shift is caused by geometric phase in the scheme of a three-dimensional interferometer.
The interference process divides spatially the dark and light fields of the star image redirecting them to the opposite sides
of a beam splitter. The interference process does not weaken the image of a planet, with equal intensities it is redirected
to both sides of a beam splitter. The suggested scheme of common path interferometer ensures mechanical stability. The background
signal is experimentally demonstrated to be reduced by six orders of magnitude. 相似文献
412.
Possible consequences of collisions of natural cosmic bodies with the Earth’s atmosphere and surface are described. The methodological
basis of classification of consequences is the solution of meteor physics equations characterizing the trajectory of a body
in the atmosphere, namely, the dependence of the body’s velocity and mass on the flight altitude. The solution depends on
two dimensionless parameters characterizing the drag altitude and the role of mass loss by a meteoroid during its motion in
the atmosphere. Depending on values of these parameters, the degree of effect on the planetary surface considerably changes.
In particular, the conditions of cratering and meteorite fall on the planetary surface are obtained. The results are presented
in a simple analytical form. They quite match to the real events considered in the paper. Recommendations are given on further
investigations into the important problem of interaction of cosmic bodies with planetary atmospheres. 相似文献
413.
Ontological Modularity and Spatial Diversity 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
414.
The 21st Century Aviation System can reduce the cost of flying, while substantially increasing the safety and security of cargo and carrier aircraft with an onboard pilot/s and a remote copilot residing in a secure ground-based simulator. 相似文献
415.
H.N. Wang Y.M. Cui R. Li L.Y. Zhang H. Han 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2008,42(9):1464-1468
Nowadays operational models for solar activity forecasting are still based on the statistical relationship between solar activity and solar magnetic field evolution. In order to set up this relationship, many parameters have been proposed to be the measures. Conventional measures are based on the sunspot group classification which provides limited information from sunspots. For this reason, new measures based on solar magnetic field observations are proposed and a solar flare forecasting model supported with an artificial neural network is introduced. This model is equivalent to a person with a long period of solar flare forecasting experience. 相似文献
416.
T.K Hei C.Q Piao L.J Wu J.C Willey E.J Hall 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1998,22(12):1699-1707
Carcinogenesis is postulated to be a progressive multistage process characterized by an increase in genomic instability and clonal selection with each mutational event endowing a selective growth advantage. Genomic instability as manifested by the amplification of specific gene fragments is common among tumor and transformed cells. In the present study, immortalized human bronchial (BEP2D) cells were irradiated with graded doses of either 1GeV/nucleon 56Fe ions or 150 keV/μm alpha particles. Transformed cells developed through a series of successive steps before becoming tumorigenic in nude mice. Tumorigenic cells showed neither ras mutations nor deletion in the p16 tumor suppressor gene. In contrast, they harbored mutations in the p53 gene and over-expressed cyclin D1. Genomic instability among transformed cells at various stage of the carcinogenic process was examined based on frequencies of PALA resistance. Incidence of genomic instability was highest among established tumor cell lines relative to transformed, non-tumorigenic and control cell lines. Treatment of BEP2D cells with a 4 mM dose of the aminothiol WR-1065 significantly reduced their neoplastic transforming response to 56Fe particles. This model provides an opportunity to study the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in malignant transformation of human epithelial cells by heavy ions. 相似文献
417.
H.G. Mayr I. Harris F.A. Herrero N.W. Spencer A.E. Hedin R.E. Hartle H.A. Taylor L.E. Wharton F. Varosi H. Volland G.R. Carignan 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1985,5(4):283-288
Thermospheric temperature, composition and wind measurements from the Dynamics Explorer satellite (DE-2) are interpreted using a three dimensional, multiconstituent spectral model. The analysis accounts for tides driven by the absorbed solar radiation as well as energy and momentum coupling involving the magnetosphere and lower atmosphere. We discuss phenomena associated with the annual tide, polar circulation, magnetic storms and substorms. 相似文献
418.
J M Klingler R L Mancinelli M R White 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1989,9(6):173-176
Early Earth and early Mars were similar enough such that past geochemical and climatic conditions on Mars may have also been favorable for the origin of life. However, one of the most striking differences between the two planets was the low partial pressure of dinitrogen (pN2) on early Mars (18 mb). On Earth, nitrogen is a key biological element and in many ecosystems the low availability of fixed nitrogen compounds is the main factor limiting growth. Biological fixation of dinitrogen on Earth is a crucial source of fixed nitrogen. Could the low availability of dinitrogen in the primordial Martian atmosphere have prevented the existence, or evolution of Martian microbiota? Azotobacter vinelandii and Azomonas agilis were grown in nitrogen free synthetic medium under various partial pressures of dinitrogen ranging from 780-0 mb (total atmosphere=1 bar). Below 400 mb the biomass, cell number, and growth rate decreased with decreasing pN2. Both microorganisms were capable of growth at a pN2 as low as 5 mb, but no growth was observed at a pN2 < or = 1 mb. The data appear to indicate that biological nitrogen fixation could have occurred on primordial Mars (pN2=18 mb) making it possible for a biotic system to have played a role in the Martian nitrogen cycle. It is possible that nitrogen may have played a key role in the early evolution of life on Mars, and that later a lack of available nitrogen on that planet (currently, pN2=0.2 mb) may have been involved in its subsequent extinction. 相似文献
419.
H. Fuke J.E. Koglin T. Yoshida T. Aramaki W.W. Craig L. Fabris F. Gahbauer C.J. Hailey F.J. Jou N. Madden K. Mori H.T. Yu K.P. Ziock 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2008,41(12):2056-2060
We discuss current progress and future plans for the general antiparticle spectrometer experiment (GAPS). GAPS detects antideuterons through the X-rays and pions emitted during the deexcitation of exotic atoms formed when the antideuterons are slowed down and stopped in targets. GAPS provides an exceptionally sensitive means to detect cosmic-ray antideuterons. Cosmic-ray antideuterons can provide indirect evidence for the existence of dark matter in such form as neutralinos or Kaluza–Klein particles. We describe results of accelerator testing of GAPS prototypes, tentative design concepts for a flight GAPS detector, and near-term plans for flying a GAPS prototype on a balloon. 相似文献
420.
C.M. Wrasse J. Fechine H. Takahashi C.M. Denardini J. Wickert M.G. Mlynczak J.M. Russell C.L. Barbosa 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2008,41(9):1423-1428
Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver on the CHAllenging Mini-satellite Payload (CHAMP) and the Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) instrument, one of four on board the TIMED satellite, provide middle atmosphere temperature profiles by Radio Occultation (RO) and limb viewing infrared emission measurements, respectively. These temperature profiles retrieved by two different techniques in the stratosphere are compared with each other using more than 1300 correlative profiles in March, September and December 2005. The over-all mean differences averaged over 15 and 35 km are approximately −2 K and standard deviation is less than 3 K. Below 20 km of altitude, relatively small mean temperature differences ∼1 K are observed in wide latitudinal range except for June (during the SABER nighttime observation). In the middle to low latitudes, between 30°S and 30°N, the temperature difference increases with height from ∼0–1 K at 15 km, to ∼−4 K at 35 km of altitude. Large temperature differences about −4 to −6 K are observed between 60°S and 30°N and 31–35 km of altitude for all months and between 0° and 30°N below 16 km during June (nighttime). 相似文献