Humans to Mars: a feasibility and cost-benefit analysis

Mars is a compelling astrobiological target, and a human mission would provide an opportunity to collect immense amounts of scientific data. Exploration alone, however, cannot justify the increased risk. Instead, three factors drive a human mission: economics, education, and exploration. A human mission has a unique potential to inspire the next generation of young people to enter critically needed science and engineering disciplines. A mission is economically feasible, and the research and development program put in place for a human mission would propel growth in related high-technology industries. The main hurdles are human physiological responses to 1–2 years of radiation and microgravity exposure. However, enabling technologies are sufficiently mature in these areas that they can be developed within a few decade timescale. Hence, the decision of whether or not to undertake a human mission to Mars is a political decision, and thus, educational and economic benefits are the crucial factors.     

Tírez lake as a terrestrial analog of Europa

Tírez Lake (La Mancha, central Spain) is proposed as a terrestrial analogue of Europa's ocean. The proposal is based on the comparison of the hydrogeochemistry of Tírez Lake with the geochemical features of the alteration mineralogy of meteoritic precursors and with Galileo's Near Infrared Mapping Spectrometer data on Europa's surface. To validate the astrobiological potential of Tírez Lake as an analog of Europa, different hydrogeochemical, mineral, and microbial analyses were performed. Experimental and theoretical modeling helped to understand the crystallization pathways that may occur in Europa's crust. Calculations about the oxidation state of the hypothetical Europan ocean were estimated to support the sulfate-rich neutral liquid model as the origin of Europa's observed hydrated minerals and to facilitate their comparison with Tírez's hydrogeochemistry. Hydrogeochemical and mineralogical analyses showed that Tírez waters corresponded to Mg-Na-SO(4)-Cl brines with epsomite, hexahydrite, and halite as end members. A preliminary microbial ecology characterization identified two different microbial domains: a photosynthetically sustained community represented by planktonic/benthonic forms and microbial mat communities, and a subsurficial anaerobic realm in which chemolithotrophy predominates. Fluorescence in situ hybridization has been used to characterize the prokaryotic diversity of the system. The subsurficial community seemed to be dominated by sulfate-reducing bacteria and methanogens. Frozen Tírez brines were analyzed by Fourier-transform infrared techniques providing spectra similar to those reported previously using pure components and to the Galileo spectral data. Calorimetric measurements of Tírez brines showed pathways and phase metastability for magnesium sulfate and sodium chloride crystallization that may aid in understanding the processes involved in the formation of Europa's icy crust. The use of fluorescence hybridization techniques for microbial detection and characterization in hypersaline environments makes this methodology strongly advisable for future Europa astrobiological missions.     

Dosimetric measurements in manned missions

Detector packages consisting of thermoluminescence detectors (TLDs), nuclear emulsions and plastic nuclear track detectors were exposed in different sections of the MIR space station, inside the Spacelab during the IML1 mission, and inside Spacelab module and tunnel during the D2 mission. This report concentrates on total dose measurements with TLDs during these mission. The results are discussed and compared to results of former missions and to calculations. Finally, dose equivalents and mean quality factors for each mission are presented which are derived from the TLD results and results obtained from the other detector systems. Dose equivalents range between 200 μSvd⁻¹ and 700 μSvd⁻¹.     

杂波抑制DPCA和自适应时空处理技术间的关系

本文分析了ＳＬＡＲ中杂波抑制距离模糊ＤＰＣＡ技术与自适应时空处理技术之间的关系。对自适应时空处理杂波协方差矩阵的结构分析，揭示了产生ＤＰＣＡ型解的充分条件。首先论证了有Ｎ个空间通道，且每个通道有Ｍ个时间抽头的处理器工作于理想条件下，其杂波协方差矩阵特征值的数目不可能超过Ｎ＋Ｍ－１。而这Ｎ＋Ｍ－１个主特征值的存在表明足以生成ＤＰＣＡ解。     

航天发动机用的钛合金壳体

自从60年代初期以来,6Al—4V钛合金就被广泛地用于航天发动机壳体。本文描述了钛合金火箭发动机壳体(其最小极限抗拉强度的设计值达到175,000磅/英寸~2。)从锻件到加工成产品的工艺制造过程。对设计经验和该产品独特的工艺控制过程,如热处理和金相检验,也给予评论。本文对钛合金压力容器的优点,如多次使用、推力向量校准以及附加法兰和部件易于组合等,都作了介绍。     

ATM数据网中的MPLS技术

为了解决目前ATM网中IP业务所面临的问题，我们采用了多协议标签交换（MPLS），MPLS可以用在现有的主干ATM数据网上，MPLS能在主干网上大大提高IP转发性能，并提供业务分类（CoS）以及业务质量保证（QoS），在这些网络上实现高性能的IP业务.     

再入飞行器的鲁棒设计技术研究

本文将鲁棒最优设计技术应用于再入飞行器被动式滚转控制问题，分别建立了二次滚转共振和滚转过零问题的鲁棒设计定义和数学模型，通过对关键小不对称量（如ｒｃｇ，Ｃ１０，Ｃｍ０）的容许偏差的限制，确保二次滚转共振和滚转过零概率在设计者期望的范围之内。本文给出了一个实际的设计例子，并用Ｍｏｎｔｅ Ｃａｒｌｏ随机抽样方法进行验证。结果表明，本文的思路是正确的，方法是可靠的。     

先进舰载战斗机腐蚀防护控制与日历寿命设计

舰载战斗机是航母编队战斗力的重要组成部分,但由于其复杂恶劣的服役环境,舰载机腐蚀防护控制与日历寿命设计问题已经成为限制海军航空兵战斗力保持与提升的关键难题。腐蚀防护与控制应贯穿舰载机全寿命周期,本文以此为总体思路,首先系统梳理了舰载机在综合设计、材料与涂料选择、制造与使用过程中腐蚀防护与控制的诸多要点与细节。然后针对舰载机日历寿命设计问题,在详述环境谱、加速谱编制原则、编制方法及基本构成的基础上,基于案例阐明腐蚀仿真技术是舰载机日历寿命设计的可靠高效手段,可为相关问题的后续研究提供创新思路。最后指出腐蚀监测是舰载机腐蚀防护控制过程中亟待解决的难题。     

飞机结构常见腐蚀形式仿真研究进展

当前军用飞机环境适应性考核一般采用外场暴晒和实验室加速两种手段进行,但当结构设计发生改变时,往往需要重新进行考核试验,耗时耗力。腐蚀仿真运用有限元或边界元的数学手段,以电化学基础理论为依据能够在较短的时间内准确的预测腐蚀结果,得到了国内外研究学者的青睐并在欧美等发达国家部分领域已经开始得到应用。首先重点分析了飞机常见腐蚀形式的国内外仿真研究现状,包括电偶腐蚀、点蚀、缝隙腐蚀以及应力作用下的腐蚀,在此基础上,对腐蚀仿真的基础理论进行了总结概述,针对目前较为成熟的腐蚀仿真商业软件进行了优缺点对比,最后提出了动界面追踪、多尺度多物理场腐蚀仿真模拟、腐蚀仿真规范化以及航空领域工程应用4个腐蚀仿真目前研究的难点,期望可以为腐蚀仿真的进一步探究提供方向性参考。