用于目标跟踪的神经网络综述

几组不同的研究者从不同的观点出发来研究目标跟踪。目标跟踪研究的演变与发展历程中的一个最重要的事件就是对目前运用于目标跟踪的算法和技术进行体系结构革命的新趋势；即神经网络的出现以及它们在非线性动态系统上的应用。已有文献证明，先进的跟踪算法的数学复杂性已经远远超过了普通数字处理器的计算能力。自从引入卡尔曼滤波器以来，几种非常有效的数学工具已经运用到了目标跟踪技术中，如，概率数据关联，相关和选通，证明推     

Photochemical synthesis of citric acid cycle intermediates based on titanium dioxide

The emergence of the citric acid cycle is one of the most remarkable occurrences with regard to understanding the origin and evolution of metabolic pathways. Although the chemical steps of the cycle are preserved intact throughout nature, diverse organisms make wide use of its chemistry, and in some cases organisms use only a selected portion of the cycle. However, the origins of this cycle would have arisen in the more primitive anaerobic organism or even back in the proto-metabolism, which likely arose spontaneously under favorable prebiotic chemical conditions. In this context, we report that UV irradiation of formamide in the presence of titanium dioxide afforded 6 of the 11 carboxylic acid intermediates of the reductive version of the citric acid cycle. Since this cycle is the central metabolic pathway of contemporary biology, this report highlights the role of photochemical processes in the origin of the metabolic apparatus.     

The O/OREOS mission: first science data from the Space Environment Survivability of Living Organisms (SESLO) payload

We report the first telemetered spaceflight science results from the orbiting Space Environment Survivability of Living Organisms (SESLO) experiment, executed by one of the two 10?cm cube-format payloads aboard the 5.5?kg Organism/Organic Exposure to Orbital Stresses (O/OREOS) free-flying nanosatellite. The O/OREOS spacecraft was launched successfully to a 72° inclination, 650?km Earth orbit on 19 November 2010. This satellite provides access to the radiation environment of space in relatively weak regions of Earth's protective magnetosphere as it passes close to the north and south magnetic poles; the total dose rate is about 15 times that in the orbit of the International Space Station. The SESLO experiment measures the long-term survival, germination, and growth responses, including metabolic activity, of Bacillus subtilis spores exposed to the microgravity, ionizing radiation, and heavy-ion bombardment of its high-inclination orbit. Six microwells containing wild-type (168) and six more containing radiation-sensitive mutant (WN1087) strains of dried B. subtilis spores were rehydrated with nutrient medium after 14 days in space to allow the spores to germinate and grow. Similarly, the same distribution of organisms in a different set of microwells was rehydrated with nutrient medium after 97 days in space. The nutrient medium included the redox dye Alamar blue, which changes color in response to cellular metabolic activity. Three-color transmitted intensity measurements of all microwells were telemetered to Earth within days of each of the 48?h growth experiments. We report here on the evaluation and interpretation of these spaceflight data in comparison to delayed-synchronous laboratory ground control experiments.     

Iron-sulfide-bearing chimneys as potential catalytic energy traps at life's emergence

The concept that life emerged where alkaline hydrogen-bearing submarine hot springs exhaled into the most ancient acidulous ocean was used as a working hypothesis to investigate the nature of precipitate membranes. Alkaline solutions at 25-70°C and pH between 8 and 12, bearing HS(-)±silicate, were injected slowly into visi-jars containing ferrous chloride to partially simulate the early ocean on this or any other wet and icy, geologically active rocky world. Dependent on pH and sulfide content, fine tubular chimneys and geodal bubbles were generated with semipermeable walls 4-100?μm thick that comprised radial platelets of nanometric mackinawite [FeS]±ferrous hydroxide [～Fe(OH)(2)], accompanied by silica and, at the higher temperature, greigite [Fe(3)S(4)]. Within the chimney walls, these platelets define a myriad of micropores. The interior walls of the chimneys host iron sulfide framboids, while, in cases where the alkaline solution has a pH>11 or relatively low sulfide content, their exteriors exhibit radial flanges with a spacing of ～4?μm that comprise microdendrites of ferrous hydroxide. We speculate that this pattern results from outward and inward radial flow through the chimney walls. The outer Fe(OH)(2) flanges perhaps precipitate where the highly alkaline flow meets the ambient ferrous iron-bearing fluid, while the intervening troughs signal where the acidulous iron-bearing solutions could gain access to the sulfidic and alkaline interior of the chimneys, thereby leading to the precipitation of the framboids. Addition of soluble pentameric peptides enhances membrane durability and accentuates the crenulations on the chimney exteriors. These dynamic patterns may have implications for acid-base catalysis and the natural proton motive force acting through the matrix of the porous inorganic membrane. Thus, within such membranes, steep redox and pH gradients would bear across the nanometric platelets and separate the two counter-flowing solutions, a condition that may have led to the onset of an autotrophic metabolism through the reduction of carbon dioxide.     

利用卫星实现与飞行中巡航导弹的通信

本文讨论了与飞行中远程巡航导弹通信的需求以及卫星作为中继平台的潜力。国防卫星通信系统Ⅲ(DSCSⅢ）和舰队卫星通信（FLTSATCOM）星至少能够同时为70枚巡航导弹向水面舰只和陆基指挥中心传送200bit的状态信息。DSCSⅢ还可以同是为至少70枚巡航导弹提供准实时有人末制导支持（只要巡航导弹装有共影天线阵）。FLTSATCOM可以为2枚装有全向天线阵的巡航导弹提供相同的能力。这种能力包括传统末段敏感器图象数据，该图象数据的速率为每格每秒40kbits,取决于可实现的图象数据压缩比。本文还论述了指挥员利用这些系统重新瞄准新目标，允许一枚巡航导弹向地面传送一路末段敏感器图象。     

了解风险要正确对待航天事故

最近，美国航宇局（ＮＡＳＡ）局长戈尔丁在空间运输协会的一次讲话中，批评美国航空航天工业界，对重复使用运载火箭（ＲＬＶ）计划中存在的较高技术风险和费用风险畏首畏尾。有些听众对戈尔丁的批评有反感。但是坦白地说，我认为能听到航宇局长公开地、有力地谈论空间活...     

EXTENDED SELF SIM ILARITY OF PASSIVE SCALAR IN RAYLEIGH-BNARD CONVECTION FLOW BASED ON WAVELET TRANSFORM

INTRODUCTIONTo fully developed turbulence flow,Kol-mogorov ( 1 941 ) define structure function of qorder,i.e.Dq( r) =〈| u( x+ r) - u( x) | q〉∝ rζ( q) ,and foundζ( q) =q3.Similar to velocityfield,for temperature T( x) by definition struc-ture function,i.e.Rq( r) =〈| T( x+ r) - T( x) | q〉∝ rξ ( q) ,Obukhov also gave out a theoreticalscaling rule ofξ( q) =q3.After the 60 's,becauseof the discovery of intermittence in turbulent ex-periment,it is well known thatζ( q) ,ξ( q)≠ q3,…     

为可重用地面监控系统开发可组配技术

监控设备(CMU)采用可组配软件技术,实现航天器的实时遥控、遥测处理、仿真、数据获取、数据归档和地面操作的自动化。下列监控系统正准备采用这种基本技术:移动式空间站检测系统;生命保障系统;空间站后勤运输系统;单级火箭技术计划中Delta特快飞机(SX-2)的地面系统。 CMU大量采用商用技术来提高能力,降低开发和寿命期成本。根据有效载荷地面操作合同,麦克唐纳·道格拉斯空间和国防系统正在为NASA肯尼迪航天中心的实时系统实验室开发新的方案和技术。实时系统实验室的第二项任务是开发和利用先进的软件开发方法。