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551.
Protein crystals, grown under reduced gravity conditions, are either superior or inferior in their structural perfection than their Earth-grown counterparts. A reduction of the crystals' quality due to low-gravity effects on the growth processes cannot be understood from existing models. In this paper we put forth a rationale which predicts either advantages or disadvantages of microgravity growth. This rationale is based on the changes in the effective solute and impurity supply rates in microgravity and their effects on the intrinsic growth rate fluctuations that arise from the coupling of bulk transport to nonlinear interfacial kinetics and cause severe inhomogeneities. Depending on the specific diffusivity and kinetic coefficient of a protein and the impurities in the solution, either transport enhancement through forced flow or transport suppression under reduced gravity can result in a reduction of the kinetic fluctuations and, thus, growth with higher structural perfection. Investigating this mechanism of microgravity effects, we first demonstrate a one-to-one correspondence between these fluctuations, that are due to the bunching of growth steps, and the formation of defects in the crystals. We have confirmed the forced flow aspects of this rationale in ground-based experiments with lysozyme utilizing flowing solutions with varying, well characterized impurity contents.  相似文献   
552.
The key radiative processes are discussed, numerical methods of magnetized radiative transfer are presented, and these are considered in their application to X-ray pulsar models.  相似文献   
553.
Smirnova  N. V.  Lyakhov  A. N.  Setzer  Yu. I.  Osepian  A. P.  Meng  C.-I.  Smith  R.  Stenbaek-Nielsen  H. C. 《Cosmic Research》2004,42(3):210-218
Spatial distributions of the electron density in the latitude range 60°–90° N were calculated on the basis of a physical model of the E and lower Fregions of the high-latitude ionosphere using statistical models of auroral proton and electron precipitation. It is shown that precipitating protons can play the key role in the ionization of the Eregion in the dusk and midnight sectors of the auroral oval. However, quantitative estimates of the contribution of protons to the ionization depend on the used statistical models of electron precipitation. Comparison of the electron density profiles calculated for two incoherent scatter radars, EISCAT (Tromsö) and ESR (Svalbard), for simultaneous precipitation of electrons and protons and for electron precipitation only show that the influence of protons is the most significant in the dusk sector over the EISCAT radar and in the midnight sector over the ESR radar. The results presented indicate the need to take protons into account when radar data are used to derive precipitating electron spectra.  相似文献   
554.
Unmanned aircraft navigation for shipboard landing using infrared vision   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
This paper addresses the problem of determining the relative position and orientation of an unmanned air vehicle with respect to a ship using three visible points of known separation. The, images of the points are obtained from an onboard infrared camera. The paper develops a numerical solution to this problem. Both simulation and flight test results are presented.  相似文献   
555.
    
While the international community has acted forcefully since World War II to protect sites and objects of cultural or historic significance on Earth, little attention has been paid to the same kinds of sites and objects in space. There are important ethical and scholarly reasons for wanting to preserve sites and in situ objects in off-Earth contexts from destruction or commercial exploitation. Innovative space research equipment, such as spacecraft, satellites, and space stations, and the locations of historic missions, such as Tranquility Base, therefore deserve formal international recognition and protection. Appropriate models for developing a comprehensive protective scheme can be found in existing international protocols, especially the 1959 Antarctic Treaty (and later additions), the 1970 UNESCO Convention on Cultural Property, the 1972 UNESCO World Heritage Convention, and the 2001 UNESCO Convention on the Underwater Cultural Heritage. In addition, space agencies and professional organizations can mandate adequate and ethical planning for the post-operational phases of space missions to include arrangements for heritage protection.  相似文献   
556.
The science payload on the Deep Impact mission includes a 1.05–4.8 μm infrared spectrometer with a spectral resolution ranging from R∼200–900. The Deep Impact IR spectrometer was designed to optimize, within engineering and cost constraints, observations of the dust, gas, and nucleus of 9P/Tempel 1. The wavelength range includes absorption and emission features from ices, silicates, organics, and many gases that are known to be, or anticipated to be, present on comets. The expected data will provide measurements at previously unseen spatial resolution before, during, and after our cratering experiment at the comet 9P/Tempel 1. This article explores the unique aspects of the Deep Impact IR spectrometer experiment, presents a range of expectations for spectral data of 9P/Tempel 1, and summarizes the specific science objectives at each phase of the mission.  相似文献   
557.
变化和重构是快速可重构信息系统 (RRIS)的两个核心概念 ,RRIS对变化的适应或演化能力使它优于传统信息系统。本文首先提出 RRIS的体系结构 ,然后以 RRIS框架为重点 ,讨论框架的定义、分类及设计 ,研究框架的构成、构成元素 (业务构件 )的设计及构件如何在构架的组织下协调地安插在 CORBA的软总线上 ,实现类似硬件IC的即插即用。构件在框架上即插即用的灵活机制及热点构件 (反映变化 )的灵活运用 ,提高了框架的可扩展性、可定制性 ,从而提高了 RRIS适应变化的可重构性。  相似文献   
558.
    
The formation of an auroral bulge with a bright dynamical arc at its polar boundary is one of the main manifestations of the magnetospheric substorm expansion phase at the ionospheric level. At the same time, the region of discrete aurora broadens not only polewards but equatorwards as well. The discrete forms of auroras moving equatorwards form a dynamical equatorial boundary of the auroral bulge shifting together with them. The paper presents a spatial-time comparison of the drifting discrete auroras to the injection of energetic particles at the geostationary orbit. It is shown that bursts in the fluxes of energetic particles at the LANL geostationary satellites located in the same sector of MLT correspond to the majority of drifting discrete auroral structures observed by the all-sky camera. In the cases when the bursts in the fluxes are absent, the minimum latitude reached by the auroral structures at the equatorward drift is higher than the ionospheric projection of the geostationary orbit. A possible relation of the drifting discrete auroras to the plasma stream jets in the plasma sheet is discussed.  相似文献   
559.
The SOHO Solar EUV Monitor has been in operation since December 1995 onboard the SOHO spacecraft. This instrument is a highly stable transmission grating solar extreme ultraviolet spectrometer. It has made nearly continuous full disk solar irradiance measurements both within an 8 nm bandpass centered at 30.4 nm and throughout the 0.1 to 50 nm solar flux region since launch. The 30.4 nm flux, the 0.1 to 50 nm flux and the extracted soft X-ray (0.1 to 5 nm) flux are presented and compared with the behavior of solar proxies.  相似文献   
560.
    
The European Space Agency (ESA) contribution to the International Space Station (ISS) goes much beyond the delivery of hardware like the Columbus Laboratory, its payloads and the Automated Transfer Vehicles. ESA Astronauts will be members of the ISS crew. ESA, according to its commitments as ISS international partner, will be responsible to provide training on its elements and payloads to all ISS crewmembers and medical support for ESA astronauts. The European Astronaut Centre (EAC) in Cologne has developed over more than a decade into the centre of expertise for manned space activities within ESA by contributing to a number of important co-operative spaceflight missions. This role will be significantly extended for ISS manned operations. Apart from its support to ESA astronauts and their onboard operations, EAC will have a key role in training all ISS astronauts on ESA elements and payloads. The medical support of ISS crew, in particular of ESA astronauts has already started. This paper provides an overview on status and further plans in building up this homebase function for ESA astronauts and on the preparation towards Training Readiness for ISS crew training at EAC, Cologne. Copyright 2001 by the European Space Agency. Published by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc., with permission. Released to IAF/IAA/AIAA to publish in all forms.  相似文献   
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