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991.
Six-month space greenhouse experiments--a step to creation of future biological life support systems
Ivanova TN Kostov PT Sapunova SM Dandolov IW Salisbury FB Bingham GE Sytchov VN Levinskikh MA Podolski IG Bubenheim DB Jahns G 《Acta Astronautica》1998,42(1-8):11-23
SVET Space Greenhouse (SG)--the first automated facility for growing of higher plants in microgravity was designed in the eighty years to be used for the future BLSS. The first successful experiment with vegetables was carried out in 1990 on the MIR Space Station (SS). The experiments in SVET SG were resumed in 1995, when an American Gas Exchange Measurement System (GEMS) was added. A three-month wheat experiment was carried out as part of MIR-SHUTTLE'95 program. SVET-2 SG Bulgarian equipment of a new generation with optimised characteristics was developed (financed by NASA). The new SVET-GEMS equipment was launched on board the MIR SS and a successful six-month experiments for growing up of two crops of wheat were conducted in 1996 - 97 as part of MIR-NASA-3 program. The first of these "Greenhouse" experiments (123 days) with the goal to grow wheat through a complete life cycle is described. Nearly 300 heads developed but no seeds were produced. A second crop of wheat was planted and after 42 days the plants were frozen for biochemical investigations. The main environmental parameters during the six-month experiments in SVET (substrate moisture and lighting period) are given. The results and the contribution to BLSS are discussed. 相似文献
992.
L. Eliasson O. Norberg R. Lundin K. Lundin S. Olsen H. Borg M. André H. Koskinen P. Riihelä M. Boehm B. Whalen 《Space Science Reviews》1994,70(3-4):563-576
The Hot Plasma Experiment, F3H, on boardFreja is designed to measure auroral particle distribution functions with very high temporal and spatial resolution. The experiment consists of three different units; an electron spectrometer that measures angular and energy distributions simultaneously, a positive ion spectrometer that is using the spacecraft spin for three-dimensional measurements, and a data processing unit. The main scientific objective is to study positive ion heating perpendicular to the magnetic field lines in the auroral region. The high resolution measurements of different positive ion species and electrons have already provided important information on this process as well as on other processes at high latitudes. This includes for example high resolution observations of auroral particle precipitation features and source regions of positive ions during magnetic disturbances. TheFreja orbit with an inclination of 63° allows us to make detailed measurements in the nightside auroral oval during all disturbance levels. In the dayside, the cusp region is covered during magnetic disturbances. We will here present the instrument in some detail and some outstanding features in the particle data obtained during the first months of operation at altitudes around 1700 km in the northern hemisphere auroral region. 相似文献
993.
The basic MHD waves of a coronal flux loop are investigated for the rectangular box model of a plasma with oblique magnetic field and line-tied at the ends. The waves found are completely different from those in a periodic box, representative for tokamaks. They consist of a mixture of Alfvén components with a ballooning factor, favouring minimal field line bending, and fast components without such a factor. Pure Alfvén modes are only found as singular limiting cases of cluster spectra of Alfvén-fast waves, where the fast components are localised in a photospheric boundary layer which is dictated by the requirements of line-tying. This justifies the assumption of continuous spectra in coronal loops, required for the mechanism of resonant Alfvén wave heating. The waves consist of large amplitude Alfvén components in the corona and fast components with a small but rapidly varying amplitude in the boundary layer, so that they appear to have the right signature for effective transfer of energy from the photosphere to the corona. 相似文献
994.
995.
R. P. Lepping M. H. Acũna L. F. Burlaga W. M. Farrell J. A. Slavin K. H. Schatten F. Mariani N. F. Ness F. M. Neubauer Y. C. Whang J. B. Byrnes R. S. Kennon P. V. Panetta J. Scheifele E. M. Worley 《Space Science Reviews》1995,71(1-4):207-229
The magnetic field experiment on WIND will provide data for studies of a broad range of scales of structures and fluctuation characteristics of the interplanetary magnetic field throughout the mission, and, where appropriate, relate them to the statics and dynamics of the magnetosphere. The basic instrument of the Magnetic Field Investigation (MFI) is a boom-mounted dual triaxial fluxgate magnetometer and associated electronics. The dual configuration provides redundancy and also permits accurate removal of the dipolar portion of the spacecraft magnetic field. The instrument provides (1) near real-time data at nominally one vector per 92 s as key parameter data for broad dissemination, (2) rapid data at 10.9 vectors s–1 for standard analysis, and (3) occasionally, snapshot (SS) memory data and Fast Fourier Transform data (FFT), both based on 44 vectors s–1. These measurements will be precise (0.025%), accurate, ultra-sensitive (0.008 nT/step quantization), and where the sensor noise level is <0.006 nT r.m.s. for 0–10 Hz. The digital processing unit utilizes a 12-bit microprocessor controlled analogue-to-digital converter. The instrument features a very wide dynamic range of measurement capability, from ±4 nT up to ±65 536 nT per axis in eight discrete ranges. (The upper range permits complete testing in the Earth's field.) In the FTT mode power spectral density elements are transmitted to the ground as fast as once every 23 s (high rate), and 2.7 min of SS memory time series data, triggered automatically by pre-set command, requires typically about 5.1 hours for transmission. Standard data products are expected to be the following vector field averages: 0.0227-s (detail data from SS), 0.092 s (detail in standard mode), 3 s, 1 min, and 1 hour, in both GSE and GSM coordinates, as well as the FFT spectral elements. As has been our team's tradition, high instrument reliability is obtained by the use of fully redundant systems and extremely conservative designs. We plan studies of the solar wind: (1) as a collisionless plasma laboratory, at all time scales, macro, meso and micro, but concentrating on the kinetic scale, the highest time resolution of the instrument (=0.022 s), (2) as a consequence of solar energy and mass output, (3) as an external source of plasma that can couple mass, momentum, and energy to the Earth's magnetosphere, and (4) as it is modified as a consequence of its imbedded field interacting with the moon. Since the GEOTAIL Inboard Magnetometer (GIM), which is similar to the MFI instrument, was developed by members of our team, we provide a brief discussion of GIM related science objectives, along with MFI related science goals. 相似文献
996.
997.
K. Papadopoulos J. G. Lyon C. C. Goodrich P. J. Cargill A. S. Sharma R. Kulkarni CL. L. Chang A. Mankofsky 《Space Science Reviews》1995,71(1-4):671-690
The objective of the University of Maryland ISTP theory project is the development of the analytical and computational tools, which, combined with the data collected by the space and ground-based ISTP sensors, will lead to the construction of the first causal and predictive global geospace model. To attain this objective a research project composed of four complementary parts is conducted. First the global interaction of the solar wind-magnetosphe re system is studied using three-dimensional MHD simulations. Appropriate results of these simulations are made available to other ISTP investigators through the Central Data Handling Facility (CDHF) in a format suitable for comparison with the observations from the ISTP spacecrafts and ground instruments. Second, simulations of local processes are performed using a variety of non-MHD codes (hybrid, particle and multifluid) to study critical magnetospheric boundary layers, such as the magnetopause and the magnetotail. Third, a strong analytic effort using recently developed methods of nonlinear dynamics is conducted, to provide a complementary semi-empirical understanding of the nonlinear response of the magnetosphere and its parts to the solar wind input. The fourth part will be conducted during and following the data retrieval and its objective is to utilize the data base in conjunction with the above models to produce the next generation of global and local magnetospheric models. Special emphasis is paid to the development of advanced visualization packages that allow for interactive real time comparison of the experimental and computational data. Examples of the computational tools and of the ongoing investigations are presented. 相似文献
998.
The relative abundances of low energy ions (0.6–2.0 MeV/n) in solar energetic particle (SEP) and corotating interaction region (CIR) events have been measured by the EPAC experiment aboard Ulysses since launch in October 1990 until the present time. We give an overview of the abundances of heavy ions (He, C, Ne, Fe) relative to oxygen during energetic particle events lasting longer than 5 days during the in- and out-of-ecliptic phase of the mission. While the period Oct. 1990 to Aug. 1992 was dominated by high solar activity the Ulysses out of ecliptic passage at solar latitudes up to 45° went parallel to the declining phase of solar activity. Thus a very clear structure of corotating interaction regions was observed. While the in-ecliptic composition is in general agreement with measurements made near the Earth, the development of the CIR-composition shows two phases: From Aug. 1992 to May 1993 the C/O-ratio is 0.55–0.70, afterwards it increases to 0.8–0.9. This increase is correlated to the disappearance of the current sheet at 30° solar latitude reported by Smithet al. (1993). 相似文献
999.
L. Vigroux J. A. Paul P. Delache G. F. Bignami P. A. Caraveo L. Salotti 《Space Science Reviews》1985,40(1-2):91-97
Einstein and EXOSAT data on the soft X-ray source IE 0630+178, the proposed counterpart of the -ray source GEMINGA, are analyzed for variability on the time scale of one to three hours. The EXOSAT September 1983 data, with an uninterrupted strech of over 10 hours offer the most interesting case. In parallel, a similar analysis is presented for the first time, for the optical data of the mV21 proposed counterpart. About 30 CCD exposures, of 15 min. each, taken over two consecutive nights at the 3.6 m CFH telescope, yield evidence of variability, when compared to the data of similar nearby objects in the field.Visiting astronomer at the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope, operated by the National Concil of Research, Canada, the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, France, and the University of Hawaii. 相似文献
1000.
In March/April 1984 eleven EXOSAT observations of Her X-1 were performed sampling a full 35 day cycle. Spectral analysis of the ME and GSPC data shows that the iron line emission is present during all phases. During the main-on state we see an iron line at 6.65 ± 0.07 keV with a FWHM of 1–2 keV and an equivalent width of 300 to 400 eV. The high resolution GSPC data indicate that the line profiles have external wings and are not simple Gaussian. We report for the first time on the detection of an iron line during the intermediate-on state with about the same parameters as the main-on state line but an equivalent width a factor of 2 larger. During the off state between main-on and intermediate-on we detected a broad iron line feature at about 6.0 keV with an equivalent width of 2 keV. We discuss the Alfven region and a hot corona at the inner region of the accretion disk as the possible sites of the line production. 相似文献