ENTROPY CHARACTERISTICS OF MAGNETIC REFRIGERANTS

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Effects of microgravity on muscular explosive power of the lower limbs in humans

The maximal explosive power of the lower limbs of one astronaut has been measured before launch, and 2, 6 and 11 days after re-entry from 31 days on the MIR Station (EUROMIR '94). The subject, sitting on the carriage-seat of a Multipurpose Ergometer-Dynamometer (MED) constructed ad hoc in our laboratory, pushed maximally with both feet on two force platforms (knees angle 110 degrees). The carriage was free to move backwards on two rails inclined 20 degrees upwards. The force (F) of the lower limbs and the speed of the carriage (v) were recorded and the instantaneous mechanical power (w) was calculated as w = F * v. The average value of the mechanical power (w max) throughout the explosive effort was then obtained. The overall duration of the push was on the average about 0.3 s. It was observed that, at day R+2, mean force, maximal velocity, maximal power (mean and peak), maximal acceleration and overall mechanical work, were all reduced between 60 and 80% of pre-flight values. However, the recovery was remarkably fast, since all these parameters attained about 90% of pre-flight values by day R+11.     

DARA vestibular equipment onboard MIR

In space, the weightless environment provides a different stimulus to the otolith organs of the vestibular system, and the resulting signals no longer correspond with the visual and other sensory signals sent to the brain. This signal conflict causes disorientation. To study this and also to understand the vestibular adaptation to weightlessness, DARA has developed scientific equipment for vestibular and visuo-oculomotoric investigations. Especially, two video-oculography systems (monocular--VOG--and binocular--BIVOG, respectively) as well as stimuli such as an optokinetic stimulation device have successfully been employed onboard MIR in the frame of national and European missions since 1992. The monocular VOG was used by Klaus Flade during the MIR '92 mission, by Victor Polyakov during his record 15 months stay onboard MIR in 1993/94 as well as by Ulf Merbold during EUROMIR '94. The binocular version was used by Thomas Reiter and Sergej Avdeyev during the 6 months EUROMIR '95 mission. PIs of the various experiments include H. Scherer and A. Clarke (FU Berlin), M. Dieterichs and S. Krafczyk (LMU Munchen) from Germany as well as C.H. Markham and S.G. Diamond from the United States. Video-Oculography (VOG) is a technique for examining the function of the human balance system located in the inner ear (vestibular system) and the visio-oculomotor interactions of the vestibular organ. The human eye movements are measured, recorded and evaluated by state-of-the-art video techniques. The method was first conceived and designed at the Vestibular Research Laboratory of the ENT Clinic in Steglitz, FU Berlin (A. Clarke, H. Scherer). Kayser-Threde developed, manufactured and tested the facilities for space application under contract to DARA. Evaluation software was first provided by the ENT Clinic, Berlin, later by our subcontractor Sensomotoric Instruments (SMI), Teltow. Optokinetic hardware to support visuo-oculomotoric investigations, has been shipped to MIR for EUROMIR '95 and has successfully been used in conjunction with VOG by ESA astronaut Thomas Reiter. Most recently, BIVOG aboard MIR will be reused in the frame of German/Russian joint experiment sessions employing two Russian cosmonauts from August 1997 to January 1998.     

飞行数据采集和处理系统(FDAPS)用软件

FDAPS系统是一个高速、方便和多用户系统,它从总体上对硬件和软件作了折衷。本文介绍系统的软件,讨论其工作方式和操作方法,并用具体图例说明。     

试验机载监视雷达地面动目标识别的多普勒后和多普勒前STAP的雷达杂波对消性能比较

本文报导了多普勒前和多普勒后STAP处理算法用于相同试验数据时的性能比较研究，这些数据由QinetiQ公司改进型监视雷达收集。这两种算法的性能是用杂波对消比和目标信号改善因子（有STAP和没有STAP处理的信号对杂波加噪声之比）来定量研究的。结果表明可以使多普勒前和多普勒后STAP具有相同的杂波对消水平。 所得到的结果是明亮的目标特征会影响到STAP处理器并减弱全部的杂波对消。我们已经发现对于两个相位中心试验雷达数据而言，与简单的固定窗多普勒后STAP算法相比，PRI来回变化的多普勒后STAP使杂波对消有很大的提高。还发现动窗或辅助单元多普勒后STAP的应用会降低处理器的输出。将最后距离多普勒图归一化以防止热噪声的加强并去除随着多普勒而改变的权范数的变化，这是在STAP处理后进行探测算法解读和应用关键的一步。     

批检发动机试车燃速计算精度的影响因素

大西洋研究公司提出了一种分析批检发动机燃速的计算机方法,该法揭示了工业上常用的数据测量方法的一些缺点,这些缺点增加了固体推进剂燃速测定的误差。造成燃速测定误差或不准确性的因素是:浇铸芯子的偏心度;芯子和壳体的不圆度,相应环境温度条件下药柱的变形;推进剂硫化时的收缩;测定燃烧终止的误差;测定燃烧开始的误差;压力测定的误差。除了上述误差因素外,大西洋研究公司发现,除非排除推力测量误差、喷管喉径测量误差、推进剂重量测量误差、药柱长度测量误差等一系列的误差,否则该方法的高精度的潜力就不可能完全实现。     

Electrophysiological, histochemical, and hormonal adaptation of rat muscle after prolonged hindlimb suspension

The perspective of long-duration flights for future exploration, imply more research in the field of human adaptation. Previous studies in rat muscles hindlimb suspension (HLS), indicated muscle atrophy and a change of fibre composition from slow-to-fast twitch types. However, the contractile responses to long-term unloading is still unclear. Fifteen adult Wistar rats were studied in 45 and 70 days of muscle unweighting and soleus (SOL) muscle as well as extensor digitorum longus (EDL) were prepared for electrophysiological recordings (single, twitch, tetanic contraction and fatigue) and histochemical stainings. The loss of muscle mass observed was greater in the soleus muscle. The analysis of electrophysiological properties of both EDL and SOL showed significant main effects of group, of number of unweighting days and fatigue properties. Single contraction for soleus muscle remained unchanged but there was statistically significant difference for tetanic contraction and fatigue. Fatigue index showed a decrease for the control rats, but increase for the HLS rats. According to the histochemical findings there was a shift from oxidative to glycolytic metabolism during HLS. The data suggested that muscles atrophied, but they presented an adaptation pattern, while their endurance in fatigue was decreased.     

室内火箭试车台的理论和试验评定

用于固体火箭发动机静态试车的一种新的室内试验设施最近在荷兰全国应用科学研究中心的Prins Maurits实验室建成。本文介绍了试车的概况,气体动力学特性,强度和减声特性,以及验证试验的结果。     

实时遥测数据的并行分布处理

本文介绍处理多路数字 PCM 遥测数据流的体系结构。它由一组莫托罗拉单板机组成,装在一个中间处理器(IPU)机箱里。由共用数据总线连接多个 IPU,每个 IPU 处理一路 PCM 数字遥测数据流。本文所述的“处理”包括对原始采样读数数据作工程单位变换;由测得的采样数据计算出导出量;计算预定时问间隔内测量数据和导出数据的最小值、最大值,平均值和循环值—(最大值—最小值)/2;越限值,意外丢失值和无序点的检出;选中数据的刻度纸带记录;把测量数据和导出数据传输给高速,大容量磁盘子系统;把压缩了的数据传给主机作实时处理和显示等。整个处理都是实时的、最多不超过两个 PCM 主帧的执行时间。     

EVA Suit 2000: a joint European/Russian space suit design

A feasibility study in 1992 showed the benefits of a common European Russian space suit development, EVA Suit 2000, replacing the Russian space suit Orlan-DMA and the planned European Hermes EVA space suit at the turn of the century. This EVA Suit 2000 is a joint development initiated by the European Space Agency (ESA) and the Russian Space Agency (RKA). The main objectives of this development program are: first utilization aboard the Russian Space Station MIR-2; performance improvement with respect to current operational suits; development cost reduction. Russian experience gained with the present extravehicular activity (EVA) suit on the MIR Space Station and extensive application of European Technologies will be needed to achieve these ambitious goals. This paper presents the current status of the development activities, the space suit system design and concentrates in more detail on life support aspects. Specific subjects addressed will include the overall life support conceptual architecture, design features, crew comfort and operational considerations.