On-board statistical detection and compensation of anomalous pilot-aircraft interactions

A statistical method for the on-board detection and compensation of adverse oscillations in pilot-aircraft systems is presented. A recursively updated linear model representing the pilot-aircraft system is used to continuously check for stability loss. The instability-related oscillations are detected early, using a statistical hypothesis test. Furthermore, a specially designed stability augmentation system assists the pilot during the instability periods. The method's effectiveness is demonstrated via data obtained from a flight simulator and a detailed simulation model.     

Motor coordination in weightless conditions revealed by long-term microgravity adaptation.

The functional approach to studying human motor systems attempts to give a better understanding of the processes behind planning movements and their coordinated performance by relying on weightlessness as a particularly enlightening experimental condition. Indeed, quantitative monitoring of sensorimotor adaptation of subjects exposed to weightlessness outlines the functional role of gravity in motor and postural organization. The recent accessibility of the MIR Space Station has allowed for the first time experimental quantitative kinematic analysis of long-term sensorimotor and postural adaptation to the weightless environment though opto-electronic techniques. In the frame of the EUROMIR'95 Mission, two protocols of voluntary posture perturbation (erect posture, EP; forward trunk bending, FTB) were carried out during four months of microgravity exposure. Results show that postural strategies for quasistatic body orientation in weightlessness are based on the alignment of geometrical body axes (head and trunk) along external references. A proper whole body positioning appears to be recovered only after months of microgravity exposure. By contrast, typically, terrestrial strategies of co-ordination between movement and posture are promptly restored and used when performing motor activities in the weightless environment. This result is explained under the assumption that there may be different sensorimotor integration processes for static and dynamic postural function and that the organisation of coordinated movement might rely stably on egocentric references and kinematics synergies for motor control.     

Role of endogenous thiols in protection.

Aminothiols represent the most important group of radioprotective compounds. The most effective compounds administered at an optimal dose and time before irradiation are able to provide a protection in mice with a dose reduction factor (DRF) of about 2-2.5. The working mechanism can partly be explained as a scavenging process of radicals induced in water and partly as a chemical repair process of injured DNA. The endogenous aminothiol which has far-out the highest intracellular concentration is glutathione (GSH). The importance of intracellular GSH in determining cellular radiosensitivity has been shown by irradiating cells that had very low GSH levels. Such cells appear to have a high radiosensitivity, especially in hypoxic conditions. On the other hand, it has been demonstrated that induction of a high GSH level (100-200% above the normal level) provides only a small protection. In vitro experiments with DNA indicate that thiols with a high positive charge condense in the vicinity of DNA and are effective protectors, whereas thiols with a negative charge are kept away from it and are poor protectors. In comparison with the most effective exogenous aminothiols like cysteamine and WR1065, GSH is not an effective radioprotector. Putative explanations for this relatively poor protective ability of GSH are presented.     

Convective motions in liquid metals for material processings. Numerical simulation of oscillation regimes and effect of rotation

The paper is concerned with the numerical simulation and the analysis of some kinds of flow regimes which can develop in Bridgman and Czochralski systems for material processings. The flows in the liquid phase are investigated considering two-dimensional and axisymmetric models. The time-dependent regimes were studied for a zero-Prandtl-number fluid layer confined inside a two-dimensional cavity of aspect ratio (length-to-height) A=4, involving a stress-free upper surface and submitted to a horizontal temperature gradient. The range of Grashof number was varied up to the conditions at which the flow goes from oscillatory to chaotic type behaviours. The combined influence of the temperature gradients and of the rotations of the crucible and of the seed/crystal was investigated for a Czochralski model. The axisymmetric regimes were studied for a Pr_m=0.015 liquid melt confined inside a cylindrical crucible of aspect ratio (height-to-radius) A_m=2, and coupled to a viscous encapsulant liquid layer (10<Pr_e<1200) of aspect ratio A_e=0.5. A number of steady and (transient) time-dependent flow patterns are identified.     

Charges on dust particles

We discuss the potential (charge) on dust particles in various environments. We first consider the classical case of a single isolated dust particle. In conditions which apply to planetary dust rings, the exact value of the dust potential depends critically on several effects (e.g. secondary electron emission, photoelectric efficiency) which are not well known for small dust particles of relevant material and surface conditions. In dust clouds of high dust densities the classical approach fails to give the correct value of the dust potential due to the neglect of collective effects. In terms of an ordering parameter P = a_μN_d0/n₀ (dust radius in microns × cloud dust density/exterior plasma density) the collective effects on the dust potential become apparent at P ～ 10^?6. For increasing values of P the collective effects increase, whence the dust potentials decrease and eventually approach zero.     

Potential defense applications of expert systems

The authors provide an overview of expert systems and how they may effect the development of future defense applications. Military uses of computers are outlined, and expert-systems fundamentals are described. Artificial research and development efforts by the military are examined, and potential military applications are discussed. Expert systems efforts at NASA, by the US Air Force, and for the Strategic Defence Initiative are considered     

ESA microgravity payloads for the 1990s

Analysis of flight opportunities of existing and new microgravity multi-user facilities on Eureca and Spacelab and design studies of new experimental facilities for Columbus are presently in progress.

The materials and fluid sciences research community is likely to be a major user of the permanently manned Space Station/Columbus elements such as the European Attached Pressurised Module (APM) and the Man-Tended Free Flyer (MTFF).

In metallurgy, crystal growth and bioengineering initial research will be performed in the manned laboratory, whereas later on the processing will be automated and executed on unmanned platforms.

At present ESA prepares - in close cooperation with the scientific community - the hardware development of microgravity experimental facilities/laboratories for all Columbus elements through design studies. Preliminary studies which have been carried out to date are the following : Crystallisation Laboratory, Fluid Sciences Laboratory, Containerless Processing Laboratory, Thermophysical Properties Measurement Facility, Metallurgy Laboratory.

In 1998 it is planned to deepen these studies covering laboratories for the APM and for the MTFF. Details on flight opportunities in the pre-Columbus period will also be provided.     

Telerobotics: problems and research needs

With major emphasis on simulation, a university laboratory telerobotics facility permits problems to be approached by groups of graduate students. Helmet-mounded displays provide realism; the slaving of the display to the human operator's viewpoint gives a sense of `telepresence' that may be useful for prolonged tasks. Using top-down 3-D model control of distant images allows distant images to be reduced to a few parameters to update the model used for display to the human operator in a preview model to circumvent, in part, the communication delay. Also, the model can be used as a format for supervisory control and permit short-term local autonomous operations. Image processing algorithms can be made simpler and faster without trying to construct sensible images from the bottom. Control studies of telerobots lead to preferential manual control modes and, in this university environment, to basic paradigms for human motion and thence, perhaps, to redesign of robotic control, trajectory path planning, and rehabilitation prosthetics. Speculation as to future industrial drives for this telerobotic field suggests efficient roles for government agencies such as NASA     

Non-linear resonant excitation of whistler mode waves in the Earth's ionosphere

We examine the resonant non-linear interaction in the Earth's ionosphere of two powerful high frequency radio beams with frequencies f ₁ and f ₂ (both larger than the plasma frequency at F2_max) and wave numbers k ₁ and k ₂ such that a whistler mode wave can be excited with a frequency f ₃ = f ₁ — f ₂ and a wave number k ₃ = k ₁ – k ₂. The feasibility of an effective ground based installation, sited at low latitudes, is discussed and the field strength of the wave emerging from a 10 km wide ionospheric region illuminated by the beams is evaluated for a range of transmitted frequencies, beam orientations and plasma frequencies in the interaction region. It is suggested that the longitude dependence of the enhancement of VLF noise bands detected by the Ariel 3 satellite may be due to a non-linear interaction of this type between any two or more medium wavelength signals from areas where there is a high concentration of commercial broadcasting stations, such as the NE region of the U.S.A.     

International trends in Stirling engine technology development:ISEC 1982-8

A brief survey is presented of trends in work reported at four International Stirling Engine Conferences held during the 1980s. The discussion covers international participation, publication sources and types, engine types, specialized engines, sponsoring institutions and observed trends