喷雾场特性的实验研究

采用全息方法对流动环境中实际喷嘴的喷雾场进行了大量的实验研究，获得了在不同工况下喷雾场液滴尺寸分布，液滴运动速度及运动角度和空间分布等许多实验结果，这些结果给出了喷雾特性随喷雾压力，气流速度和喷嘴尺寸等因素的变化特点，揭示了喷雾场中液滴速度及角度的分布规律，为喷雾运动的计算提供了有用的数据。     

通信卫星用先进复合材料天线反射器的分析和实验评价

本文详细介绍了有限元动力学分析法(FEM),用本法来模拟通信卫星复杂的先进复合材材天线反射器的设计,并利用频率、模态形状和动态响应来评价动力学特性。天线反射器对正弦波和燥声引起的响应用与变形、载荷和应力相关的模型来描述。最后的评价包括由所进行的试验中提炼出来的阻尼特性和根据应力分析进行的设计,简要介绍了动力学实验和用实验结果对分析结果进行的校正。     

Psychological, psychiatric, and interpersonal aspects of long-duration space missions

America's future in space calls for manned missions that are of long duration and increasing complexity. Under these conditions, psychological and interpersonal stressors will take on added importance in affecting the safely of the crew and the outcome of the mission. Through an analysis of reports from manned American and Soviet space missions and Earth-bound simulations, several psychological, psychiatric, and interpersonal issues can be identified that could affect the success of the space station and other long-duration space ventures. Psychological issues include sleep problems, alteration in time sense, demographic effects, career motivation, transcendent experiences, homesickness, and alteration in perceptual sensitivities. Psychiatric issues include anxiety, depression, and psychosis, psychosomatic symptoms, emotional problems related to the stage of the mission, and postflight personality changes. Interpersonal issues include interpersonal tension, decreased cohesiveness over time, need for privacy, and task vs emotional leadership. Steps can be taken to minimize the impact of these issues, both before and during the mission.     

Formate as an energy source for microbial metabolism in chemosynthetic zones of hydrothermal ecosystems

Formate, a simple organic acid known to support chemotrophic hyperthermophiles, is found in hot springs of varying temperature and pH. However, it is not yet known how metabolic strategies that use formate could contribute to primary productivity in hydrothermal ecosystems. In an effort to provide a quantitative framework for assessing the role of formate metabolism, concentration data for dissolved formate and many other solutes in samples from Yellowstone hot springs were used, together with data for coexisting gas compositions, to evaluate the overall Gibbs energy for many reactions involving formate oxidation or reduction. The result is the first rigorous thermodynamic assessment of reactions involving formate oxidation to bicarbonate and reduction to methane coupled with various forms of iron, nitrogen, sulfur, hydrogen, and oxygen for hydrothermal ecosystems. We conclude that there are a limited number of reactions that can yield energy through formate reduction, in contrast to numerous formate oxidation reactions that can yield abundant energy for chemosynthetic microorganisms. Because the energy yields are so high, these results challenge the notion that hydrogen is the primary energy source of chemosynthetic microbes in hydrothermal ecosystems.     

喷雾液滴速度分布的实验研究

采用激光全息测量技术对两种压力式喷嘴的喷雾液滴速度进行了测量。实验中测量了喷雾场不同区域的液滴速度分布。实验结果表明:不同工况下, 喷雾初始区中某一种尺寸液滴的速度和运动角度并不相同, 而是具有一定的速度、角度分布范围, 其取值呈现一定的随机性;在不同轴向位置处, 相应于本文的实验工况, 液滴运动速度和运动角度均随轴向距离的增加而减小, 但对于不同的尺寸, 运动参数的变化程度又有所不同。      

复合结构梁断面的扭转中心

一、引言 精确地计算梁断面的弯心和扭心位置是研究梁或叶片结构的弹性静、动力学的基础。一些特殊断面,如开口或闭口薄壁断面的弯心和扭心,已有许多研究。相反,复合结构梁或复合材料梁断面的研究还相当少。Muskhelishvili把圣文南扭转理论推广到非均匀介质梁,并求得了几种简单形状断面梁的扭转函数。近年来相继发表了一些用差分法和有限元法求解扭转函数和扭转刚度的文章。     

激光准直技术综述

本文概述了我国、英、美、联邦德国和苏联等国的激光准直技术的研究情况,针对目前激光准直仪存在的主要问题,介绍了国内外各种新的准直方法。这些方法都从不同的角度提高了激光准直仪的精度。在此基础上,本文还分析了激光准直技术研究的发展方向及其应用前景。     

Mid-Latitude Pc1, 2 Pulsations Induced by Magnetospheric Compression in the Maximum and Early Recovery Phase of Geomagnetic Storms

We investigate the properties of interplanetary inhomogeneities generating long-lasting mid-latitude Pc1, 2 geomagnetic pulsations. The data from the Wind and IMP 8 spacecrafts, and from the Mondy and Borok midlatitude magnetic observatories are used in this study. The pulsations under investigation develop in the maximum and early recovery phase of magnetic storms. The pulsations have amplitudes from a few tens to several hundred pT andlast more than seven hours. A close association of the increase (decrease) in solar wind dynamic pressure (Psw) with the onset or enhancement (attenuation or decay) of these pulsations has been established. Contrary to high-latitude phenomena, there is a distinctive feature of the interplanetary inhomogeneities that are responsible for generation of long-lasting mid-latitude Pc1, 2. It is essential that the effect of the quasi-stationary negative Bz-component of the interplanetary magnetic field on the magnetosphere extends over 4 hours. Only then are the Psw pulses able to excite the above-mentioned type of mid-latitude geomagnetic pulsations. Model calculations show that in the cases under study the plasmapause can form in the vicinity of the magnetic observatory. This implies that the existence of an intense ring current resulting from the enhanced magnetospheric convection is necessary for the Pc1, 2 excitation. Further, the existence of the plasmapause above the observation point (as a waveguide) is necessary for long-lasting Pc1 waves to arrive at the ground.      

Tolerance of anhydrobiotic eggs of the Tardigrade Ramazzottius varieornatus to extreme environments

Tardigrades are tiny (less than 1?mm in length) invertebrate animals that have the potential to survive travel to other planets because of their tolerance to extreme environmental conditions by means of a dry ametabolic state called anhydrobiosis. While the tolerance of adult tardigrades to extreme environments has been reported, there are few reports on the tolerance of their eggs. We examined the ability of hydrated and anhydrobiotic eggs of the tardigrade Ramazzottius varieornatus to hatch after exposure to ionizing irradiation (helium ions), extremely low and high temperatures, and high vacuum. We previously reported that there was a similar pattern of tolerance against ionizing radiation between hydrated and anhydrobiotic adults. In contrast, anhydrobiotic eggs (50% lethal dose; 1690 Gy) were substantially more radioresistant than hydrated ones (50% lethal dose; 509 Gy). Anhydrobiotic eggs also have a broader temperature resistance compared with hydrated ones. Over 70% of the anhydrobiotic eggs treated at either -196°C or +50°C hatched successfully, but all the hydrated eggs failed to hatch. After exposure to high-vacuum conditions (5.3×10(-4) Pa to 6.2×10(-5) Pa), the hatchability of the anhydrobiotic eggs was comparable to that of untreated control eggs.     

Magnetospheric Boundary Layer Structure and Dynamics as Seen From Cluster and Double Star Measurements

In this review, we discuss the structure and dynamics of the magnetospheric Low-Latitude Boundary Layer (LLBL) based on recent results from multi-satellite missions Cluster and Double Star. This boundary layer, adjacent to the magnetopause on the magnetospheric side, usually consists of a mixture of plasma of magnetospheric and magnetosheath origins, and plays an important role in the transfer of mass and energy from the solar wind into the magnetosphere and subsequent magnetospheric dynamics. During southward Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF) conditions, this boundary layer is generally considered to be formed as a result of the reconnection process between the IMF and magnetospheric magnetic field lines at the dayside magnetopause, and the structure and plasma properties inside the LLBL can be understood in terms of the time history since the reconnection process. During northward IMF conditions, the LLBL is usually thicker, and has more complex structure and topology. Recent observations confirm that the LLBL observed at the dayside can be formed by single lobe reconnection, dual lobe reconnection, or by sequential dual lobe reconnection, as well as partially by localized cross-field diffusion. The LLBL magnetic topology and plasma signatures inside the different sub-layers formed by these processes are discussed in this review. The role of the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability in the formation of the LLBL at the flank magnetopause is also discussed. Overall, we conclude that the LLBL observed at the flanks can be formed by the combination of processes, (dual) lobe reconnection and plasma mixing due to non-linear Kelvin-Helmholtz waves.