石英的高温谐振损耗和红外特征

本文介绍由高级人造晶体和电解晶体制成的谐振器在150至350℃范围内的串联谐振电阻作为衡量声损耗的尺度所取得的一些结果。观察到的所有生成态晶体谐振器的电阻均随温度呈指数增大。电阻的增大是因为锂或钠杂质迁移的缘故。经过扫掠处理的这种材料未显示出呈指数增大的规律,并且未发现空气扫掠和真空扫掠材料之间有本质上的差别。通过在空气和真空中的两种扫掠样品的红外光谱,观测到强的 Al-OH~-相关带。在短期真空扫掠实验中,发现生成态 OH~-带强度的减小几乎总是发生在扫掠开始之后一瞬间,可是 Al-OH~-带直到扫掠几小时后才形成。在空气扫掠的样品中,由于氢是由大气中的水蒸气供给的,因此,Al-OH~-带总是在一瞬间出现,而生成态晶体的 OH~-带基本保持不变。     

AT切楔形石英谐振器的性能

众所周知,在晶体文献中,不平行的晶片表面将引起AT切谐振器性能的恶化。这种恶化是由于谐振器所要求的工作模的动态电容的减小所致,通常并不引起所观察的寄生模动态电容的相应减小。在假设晶片两边的厚度有微小线性变化(楔形)的情况下,已经研究出一种重电极矩形AT切晶片的厚度切变振动模式。这种模式预示出相应于各种非谐振动泛音模式的驻波将“聚集”在晶片的较厚区域。高次非谐模将比低次非谐模受到楔形的影响要小。这种性能的明显结果是最低次模的动态电容(所要求的工作模)将会减小,而高次模(寄生模)的动态电容可能一点也不减小。     

法国航天员在“和平号”空间站环境下的训练

叙述法国航天员在“和平号”空间站环境下进行有关操作和活动方面的训练情况。介绍特定的航天计划诸如航天飞机/空间实验室的一些训练方面的情况。并且比较了在训练要求方面的相关阶段。     

The International Space Station: a pathway to the future

Nearly six years after the launch of the first International Space Station element, and four years after its initial occupation, the United States and our 6 international partners have made great strides in operating this impressive Earth orbiting research facility. This past year we have done so in the face of the adversity of operating without the benefit of the Space Shuttle. In his January 14, 2004, speech announcing a new vision for America's space program, President Bush affirmed the United States' commitment to completing construction of the International Space Station by 2010. The President also stated that we would focus our future research aboard the Station on the long-term effects of space travel on human biology. This research will help enable human crews to venture through the vast voids of space for months at a time. In addition, ISS affords a unique opportunity to serve as an engineering test bed for hardware and operations critical to the exploration tasks. NASA looks forward to working with our partners on International Space Station research that will help open up new pathways for future exploration and discovery beyond low Earth orbit. This paper provides an overview of the International Space Station Program focusing on a review of the events of the past year, as well as plans for next year and the future.     

Risk management in international manned space program operations

New, innovative joint safety policies and requirements were developed in support of the Shuttle/Mir program, which is the first phase of the International Space Station program. This work has resulted in a joint multinational analysis culminating in joint certification for mission readiness. For these planning and development efforts, each nation's risk programs and individual safety practices had to be integrated into a comprehensive and compatible system that reflects the joint nature of the endeavor. This paper highlights the major incremental steps involved in planning and program integration during development of the Shuttle/Mir program. It traces the transition from early development to operational status and highlights the valuable lessons learned that apply to the International Space Station program (Phase 2). Also examined are external and extraneous factors that affected mission operations and the corresponding solutions to ensure safe and effective Shuttle/Mir missions.     

Active polar gullies on Mars and the role of carbon dioxide

The detection of geologically recent channels and gullies on Mars has been interpreted as evidence for recent water activity on this arid and cold planet. The presence of active water would have considerable implications for the history of Mars and for the potential for an active near-surface biota; however, water is not the only substance that can flow and may actually be one of the least likely candidates when the modern permafrost environment is considered. Here, a key site of recent gully and channel development on Mars is reported at 71 degrees S in Sisyphi Cavi, within the annual zone of polar CO2 ice and snow accumulation. Superposition of channel features over and/or through the defrosting CO2 snowpack shows that the channels are active at the present day and probably have fluid flows every spring during the annual defrosting. In itself, this is a significant observation as active fluid flows of any nature have not yet been proven on Mars. However, the ambient temperature at the time of gully activity appears to require a role for CO2 in the formation of the channels, rather than water. A model is proposed for gas-lubricated flow in the channels based on avalanching of CO2 snowpack and clastic debris. If similar mechanisms are responsible for all the recent gullies on Mars, then perhaps no near-surface astrobiological targets are available.     

奥克托金复合改性双基推进剂的燃烧特性

研究了奥克托金复合改性双基推进剂的燃烧波结构,测定了燃速与HMX含量的关系。在HMX含量低于50%时,燃速随HMX含量的增加而降低;在HMX含量高于50%时,燃速随HMX含量的增加而增大。在HMX含量低的区域内,燃速主要受气相反应速率控制,HMX的加入使暗区反应速率增大,嘶嘶区的反应速率降低,气相反馈给燃烧表面的热量减少。在HMX含量高的区域内,燃速主要受凝聚相反应速率控制,燃烧表面的反应热随着HMX含量的增加而增加。     

Leisure time activities in space: a survey of astronauts and cosmonauts

Questionnaires were returned from 54 astronauts and cosmonauts which addressed preferences for media and media-generated subjects that could be used to occupy leisure time in space. Ninety-three percent of the respondents had access to records or audio cassettes, and cosmonauts had greater access than astronauts to multiple media. Cosmonauts and long-duration space travelers reported that they missed various media more than their astronaut and short-duration counterparts. Media subjects that related to international events, national events and historical topics were rated as most preferable by all respondents and by several of the respondent groups. The findings are discussed in terms of their relevance for occupying free time during future long-duration manned space missions.     

Psychosocial issues affecting crews during long-duration international space missions

Psychosocial issues can negatively impact on crew performance and morale during long-duration international space missions. Major psychosocial factors that have been described in anecdotal reports from space and in studies from analog situations on Earth include: 1) crew heterogeneity due to gender differences, cultural issues, and work experiences and motivations; 2) language and dialect variations; and 3) task versus supportive leadership roles. All of these factors can lead to negative sequelae, such as intra-crew tension and cohesion disruptions. Specific sequelae that can result from single factors include subgrouping and scapegoating due to crew heterogeneity; miscommunication due to major or subtle language differences; and role confusion, competition, and status leveling due to inappropriate leadership role definition. It is time to conduct research exploring the impact of these psychosocial factors and their sequelae on space crews during actual long-duration international space missions.