Hemispheric asymmetry of chemical species and its effect on stratospheric ozone: Emphasis on halogen loading

Differences between the dynamical characteristics of the northern hemisphere (NH) and southern hemisphere (SH) stratosphere (e.g., the temperature, the strength of polar vortex, and the mean meridional circulation) produce hemispherically asymmetrical distributions of chemical species. In this paper, we use global models to briefly discuss various effects on chemical species caused by this asymmetrical distribution, especially on stratospheric ozone. The role of hemispheric asymmetries in chlorine and bromine loadings on mid- and high latitude ozone depletion is particularly discussed.     

Time profile of cosmic radiation exposure during the EXPOSE-E mission: the R3DE instrument

The aim of this paper is to present the time profile of cosmic radiation exposure obtained by the Radiation Risk Radiometer-Dosimeter during the EXPOSE-E mission in the European Technology Exposure Facility on the International Space Station's Columbus module. Another aim is to make the obtained results available to other EXPOSE-E teams for use in their data analysis. Radiation Risk Radiometer-Dosimeter is a low-mass and small-dimension automatic device that measures solar radiation in four channels and cosmic ionizing radiation as well. The main results of the present study include the following: (1) three different radiation sources were detected and quantified-galactic cosmic rays (GCR), energetic protons from the South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA) region of the inner radiation belt, and energetic electrons from the outer radiation belt (ORB); (2) the highest daily averaged absorbed dose rate of 426 μGy d(-1) came from SAA protons; (3) GCR delivered a much smaller daily absorbed dose rate of 91.1 μGy d(-1), and the ORB source delivered only 8.6 μGy d(-1). The analysis of the UV and temperature data is a subject of another article (Schuster et al., 2012 ).     

Development of space motion sickness in a ground-based human centrifuge

Adaptation of the vestibular system, specifically the otolith organs, to a non-terrestrial environment can result in space motion sickness-like symptoms when the human is reintroduced to the normal, 1 Gz, terrestrial environment. This premise was investigated by exposing nine subjects to 90 min of sustained 2 Gz acceleration in a human centrifuge and then observing and evaluating them at 1 Gz. Five of the subjects developed slight SMS symptoms, three developed moderate, and one developed frank sickness. Postural instabilities in two of the most affected subjects were also observed using the Equitest System post exposure. Long duration exposure to a non-terrestrial G(2Gz) appears to be a potential means for developing SMS-like symptoms in a ground-based human centrifuge.     

The Mars Environment Analogue Platform long duration balloon flight

The MEAP (Mars Environment Analogue Platform) mission was to fly a stratospheric balloon on a semicircular trajectory around the North Pole in summer 2008. The balloon platform carried the high-resolution neutral gas mass spectrometer P-BACE (Polar Balloon Atmospheric Composition Experiment) as scientific payload. MEAP/P-BACE is a joint project between the Esrange Space Center, Sweden, the University of Bern, Switzerland and the Swedish Institute of Space Physics (IRF), Kiruna, Sweden. Mission objectives were to validate the platform for future long duration flights around the North pole, to validate the P-BACE instrument design for planetary mission applications (conditions in the Earth stratosphere are similar to the conditions at the Mars surface), to study variation of the stratospheric composition during the flight and to gain experience in balloon based mass spectrometry. All objectives were fulfilled.     

An underestimated onboard generated recoil force contributing to the Pioneer anomaly

The Pioneer anomaly, an unexpected acceleration of the Pioneer 10 and 11 spacecraft of ∼8.5 × 10⁻¹⁰ ms⁻² directed towards the inner Solar System, has been of great interest for the physics community during the past decade: considered explanations range from new physical concepts to conventional mechanism. It is shown that non-isotropic outgassing of the complete spacecraft structure is comparable in magnitude and direction to the effect and should be considered as a significant contribution to the anomalous acceleration. Although gas leaks from e.g. the propulsion system and propulsive mass loss mechanism have been discarded as possible explanations for the anomaly, the arguments used against such mechanisms do not apply to global outgassing from the spacecraft.     

Emerging magnetic flux,flares and filaments — FBS interval 16–23 June 1980

17 emerging magnetic flux regions with arch filaments related to new sunspots were identified in Hale Active Region No. 16918 during the 7 day interval from 16–22 June. Most of the new flux regions were clustered around the filament channel between the old opposite polarity fields as were most of the flares. The two largest regions of new magnetic flux and a few of the smaller flux regions developed very near the end points of filaments. This suggests that the emergence of flux in existing active regions might be non-random in position along a filament channel as well as in distance from a filament channel.We have analyzed the positions of 88 flares to date during about half of each day. We find that slightly more than half (50%) of the flares, irrespective of their size, are centered within the new flux regions. About 1/5 (20%) were centered on the border between the new flux and the adjacent older magnetic field. Less than 1/3 occurred outside of the newly emerging flux regions but in many cases were very close to the newly emerging flux. We conclude that at least 2/3 of the flares are intimately related to the emerging flux regions while the remaining 1/3 might be either indirectly related or unrelated to the emerging flux.     

精益研发助力企业研发创新

刘柱:首先,请您简单介绍一下柯马公司.目前,柯马在航空领域的业务范围主要包括哪些内容? 约翰·纳克斯:柯马(COMAU)是一家隶属于FIAT(菲亚特)集团的全球化企业.     

高能束流加工设备应用调查报告

高能束流加工作为当今制造技术发展的前沿,其研究内容极为丰富,主要技术领域有激光加工技术.电子束加工技术、离子束及等离子体加工技术以及高能束流复合加工技术等.随着技术的不断创新和发展,中国航空工业对高能束流加工设备提出了更高的要求.为更好地满足国防工业发展需要,本刊以"高能束流加工设备应用"为主题展开调查,力求通过我们的调查为高能束流加工设备供应商和相关用户搭建交流平台,了解该领域设备的应用现状、用户的需求以及推广应用中出现的问题,以便读者了解目前的高能束流加工技术设备应用情况,并为高能束流加工设备供应商的产品研发、销售提供参考,为用户选购设备提供帮助.     

Unilateral centrifugation of the otoliths as a new method to determine bilateral asymmetries of the otolith apparatus in man

Ten healthy subjects were eccentrically rotated with constant speed on a Barany chair. Setting of a luminous line (LL) to the subjective vertical and ocular counter-roll (OCR) were evaluated. During eccentric position rotation subjects consistently reported illusory rotation and set the LL to an angle correlating to centrifugal force. At the same time an OCR of opposite direction was measured. In one patient, labyrinthectomized on the right side, only counterclockwise rotation of the luminous line was observed. Differences between "inner" and "outer" eye were evident for luminous line settings and OCR in some subjects. The results indicate that eccentric rotation is a valuable method to test for bilateral otolith asymmetries. The method can be applied to preflight tests of astronaut candidates for susceptibility to spacesickness. It is also offered for clinical evaluation of unilateral otolith impairments.