Potential climatic impact of organic haze on early Earth

We have explored the direct and indirect radiative effects on climate of organic particles likely to have been present on early Earth by measuring their hygroscopicity and cloud nucleating ability. The early Earth analog aerosol particles were generated via ultraviolet photolysis of an early Earth analog gas mixture, which was designed to mimic possible atmospheric conditions before the rise of oxygen. An analog aerosol for the present-day atmosphere of Saturn's moon Titan was tested for comparison. We exposed the early Earth aerosol to a range of relative humidities (RHs). Water uptake onto the aerosol was observed to occur over the entire RH range tested (RH=80-87%). To translate our measurements of hygroscopicity over a specific range of RHs into their water uptake ability at any RH < 100% and into their ability to act as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) at RH > 100%, we relied on the hygroscopicity parameter κ, developed by Petters and Kreidenweis. We retrieved κ=0.22?±0.12 for the early Earth aerosol, which indicates that the humidified aerosol (RH < 100 %) could have contributed to a larger antigreenhouse effect on the early Earth atmosphere than previously modeled with dry aerosol. Such effects would have been of significance in regions where the humidity was larger than 50%, because such high humidities are needed for significant amounts of water to be on the aerosol. Additionally, Earth organic aerosol particles could have activated into CCN at reasonable-and even low-water-vapor supersaturations (RH > 100%). In regions where the haze was dominant, it is expected that low particle concentrations, once activated into cloud droplets, would have created short-lived, optically thin clouds. Such clouds, if predominant on early Earth, would have had a lower albedo than clouds today, thereby warming the planet relative to current-day clouds.     

采样成像系统的CTF与MTF的关系研究

文章就采样成像系统的CTF和MTF的关系进行了探讨。     

Planar laser scattering visualization of streamwise vortex pairs in a Mach 6 flow

A series of cross-sectional flow fields of Counterrotating Vortex Pairs(CVPs) generated by a large-scale ramp vortex generator is observed using an ice-cluster-based Planar Laser Scattering(PLS) method in a shock tunnel with a nominal flow Mach number of 6. Combined with a numerical simulation, two streamwise CVPs with opposite rotating directions are identified in the wake flow of the vortex generator with an absence of a boundary layer, namely, a Primary CVP(PCVP) and a Secondary CVP(SCVP). Th...     

GROUP VELOCITY CONTROL SCHEME WITH LOW DISSIPATION

The six- th order Symmetric Compact Dif-ference scheme ( SCD6) developed by Lele[1] ,fifth and third order Upwind Compact Differenceschemes ( UCD5 and UCD3) by Dexun Fu etal[2 ,3] are used in simulating mixing layer,chan-nel flow,turbulence and other complex fields.These schemes have great advantages,such ashigh order accuracy,low dissipation,low dis-persion,and well capturing small scales in thefield,but non- physical numerical oscillation re-sults calculated by the compact schemes will…     

Biomedical support of man in space

In its broadest sense, biomedical support of man in space must not be limited to assisting spacecraft crew during the mission; such support should also ensure that flight personnel be able to perform properly during landing and after leaving the craft. Man has developed mechanisms that allow him to cope with specific stresses in his normal habitat; there is indisputable evidence that, in some cases, the space environment, by relieving these stresses, has also allowed the adaptive mechanisms to lapse, causing serious problems after re-entry. Inflight biomedical support must therefore include means to simulate some of the normal stresses of the Earth environment. In the area of cardiovascular performance, we have come to rely heavily on complex feedback mechanisms to cope with two stresses, often combined: postural changes, which alter the body axis along which gravitational acceleration acts, and physical exercise, which increases the total load on the system. Unless the appropriate responses are reinforced continuously during flight, crew members may be incapacitated upon return. The first step in the support process must be a study of the way in which changes in g, even of short duration, affect these responses. In particular we should learn more about effects of g on the "on" and "off" dynamics, using a variety of approaches: increased acceleration on one hand at recumbency, immersion, lower body positive pressure, and other means of simulating some of the effects of low g, on the other. Once we understand this, we will have to determine the minimal exposure dose required to maintain the response mechanisms. Finally, we shall have to design stresses that simulate Earth environment and can be imposed in the space vehicle. Some of the information is already at hand; we know that several aspects of the response to exercise are affected by posture. Results from a current series of studies on the kinetics of tilt and on the dynamics of readjustment to exercise in different postures will be presented and discussed.     

欧洲极轨平台上的中分辨率成像光谱仪

本文描述了中分辨率成像光谱仪(MERIS)的设计。该仪器已被选为计划于1997年发射的欧洲极轨平台上的一个核心仪器。其光谱覆盖范围为400nm到1050nm,覆盖区宽度为1500km,光谱分辨率为1.5nm,空间分辨率为260m。此仪器主要用于海洋、陆地和大气方面的研究。     

“主飞行操纵系统特性”组在无锡召开讨论会

军用飞机飞行品质规范(试用本)计算手册第四章“主飞行操纵系统特性”统编稿的讨论、审定会,于一九八三年四月三日至六日在无锡召开,参加会议的代表,除主编、副主编、编写和校对人员外,还邀请了高等院校老师和各主机所从事飞行力学和操纵系统专业的、具有丰富理论知识和实际经验的科技人员。     

论清代前期统一的历史局限性

对于清代前期的统一，我们既要看到它的深远影响，也应指出其严重失误。诸如排斥汉族将帅参与边疆事务，在边疆某些地区滥施淫威，对蒙古及黄教政策的消极影响，虚边政策的危害，闭关自守政策的恶果等等，结果很快从“盛世”坠入“衰世”，内忧外患，纷至沓来，到清末时已是不可救药了。     

Nitrogen reduction under hydrothermal vent conditions: implications for the prebiotic synthesis of C-H-O-N compounds

Dinitrogen is reduced in dilute hydrogen sulfide (H2S) solutions to ammonium at 120 degrees C. Experiments with dissolved dinitrogen (partial pressure 50 bar) in a 12 x 10(-3) mol/L H2S(aq) solution yield approximately 10(-5) mol/L NH4+ within 2-7 days. These yields are consistent with the equilibrium NH4+ concentration for the N-S-H system under these conditions. The formation of ammonium is catalyzed by the presence of freshly precipitated iron monosulfide. These results indicate that dinitrogen can be reduced at moderate temperatures in hydrothermal vent systems. Abiotic nitrogen reduction could have taken place within primordial hydrothermal vents, supplying some ammonia for the synthesis of C-H-O-N compounds via abiotic processes. The yield of ammonia via dinitrogen reduction by hydrogen sulfide, however, is so low that it is doubtful this process could have produced enough ammonia to sustain prebiotic hydrothermal synthesis of C-H-O-N compounds in or around vent systems.