Nitrogen reduction under hydrothermal vent conditions: implications for the prebiotic synthesis of C-H-O-N compounds

Dinitrogen is reduced in dilute hydrogen sulfide (H2S) solutions to ammonium at 120 degrees C. Experiments with dissolved dinitrogen (partial pressure 50 bar) in a 12 x 10(-3) mol/L H2S(aq) solution yield approximately 10(-5) mol/L NH4+ within 2-7 days. These yields are consistent with the equilibrium NH4+ concentration for the N-S-H system under these conditions. The formation of ammonium is catalyzed by the presence of freshly precipitated iron monosulfide. These results indicate that dinitrogen can be reduced at moderate temperatures in hydrothermal vent systems. Abiotic nitrogen reduction could have taken place within primordial hydrothermal vents, supplying some ammonia for the synthesis of C-H-O-N compounds via abiotic processes. The yield of ammonia via dinitrogen reduction by hydrogen sulfide, however, is so low that it is doubtful this process could have produced enough ammonia to sustain prebiotic hydrothermal synthesis of C-H-O-N compounds in or around vent systems.     

防空导弹制导指令抗干扰试验方法研究

防空导弹指令线主要完成导弹截获、跟踪和发送制导指令,并引导中末制导交班或遥控引信开机,因此指令线的抗干扰性能直接决定着防空导弹武器装备对目标的拦截能力,需要在方案设计、研制、定型阶段开展指令线抗干扰试验考核工作。针对指令线面临的干扰模式和信号样式,论述了数字仿真、实验室线馈、外场空馈和检飞等抗干扰试验方法。     

刍议小型机场的空管管理和经营模式

今年（2007）年初的时候，全国小型机场管理座谈会在山西运城空港新区召开。民航总局杨元元局长莅临座谈会，在座谈会上杨元元局长介绍了当前我国民航发展的基本情况以及小型机场在发展中存在的一些问题，同时充分肯定了运城民航机场创新发展的好经验，他指出：发展小型机场是服务国家经济社会发展的需要，是为公众提供方便的需要。他要求各地要充分认识到发展小型机场的重要意义，     

Impact disruption and recovery of the deep subsurface biosphere

Although a large fraction of the world's biomass resides in the subsurface, there has been no study of the effects of catastrophic disturbance on the deep biosphere and the rate of its subsequent recovery. We carried out an investigation of the microbiology of a 1.76 km drill core obtained from the ～35 million-year-old Chesapeake Bay impact structure, USA, with robust contamination control. Microbial enumerations displayed a logarithmic downward decline, but the different gradient, when compared to previously studied sites, and the scatter of the data are consistent with a microbiota influenced by the geological disturbances caused by the impact. Microbial abundance is low in buried crater-fill, ocean-resurge, and avalanche deposits despite the presence of redox couples for growth. Coupled with the low hydraulic conductivity, the data suggest the microbial community has not yet recovered from the impact ～35 million years ago. Microbial enumerations, molecular analysis of microbial enrichment cultures, and geochemical analysis showed recolonization of a deep region of impact-fractured rock that was heated to above the upper temperature limit for life at the time of impact. These results show how, by fracturing subsurface rocks, impacts can extend the depth of the biosphere. This phenomenon would have provided deep refugia for life on the more heavily bombarded early Earth, and it shows that the deeply fractured regions of impact craters are promising targets to study the past and present habitability of Mars.     

Acidification of Europa's subsurface ocean as a consequence of oxidant delivery

Oxidants are formed at the surface of Europa and may be delivered to the subsurface ocean, possibly in great quantities. Whether these substances would be available for biological metabolism is uncertain, because they may react with sulfides and other compounds to generate sulfuric and other acids. If this process has been active on Europa for much of its age, then not only would it rob the ocean of life-supporting oxidants but the subsurface ocean could have a pH of ~2.6, which is so acidic as to present an environmental challenge for life, unless organisms consume or sequester the oxidants fast enough to ameliorate the acidification.     

Rate measurements of the hydrolysis of complex organic macromolecules in cold aqueous solutions: implications for prebiotic chemistry on the early Earth and Titan

Organic macromolecules ("complex tholins") were synthesized from a 0.95 N(2)/0.05 CH(4) atmosphere in a high-voltage AC flow discharge reactor. When placed in liquid water, specific water soluble compounds in the macromolecules demonstrated Arrhenius type first order kinetics between 273 and 313 K and produced oxygenated organic species with activation energies in the range of approximately 60+/-10 kJ mol(-1). These reactions displayed half lives between 0.3 and 17 days at 273 K. Oxygen incorporation into such materials--a necessary step toward the formation of biological molecules--is therefore fast compared to processes that occur on geologic timescales, which include the freezing of impact melt pools and possible cryovolcanic sites on Saturn's organic-rich moon Titan.     

轴流压气机旋转失速DSP在线控制方法

针对压气机旋转失速的在线控制新方法进行了实验研究。构造了完整的数字信号处理（DSP）控制方案,并在单级低速轴流压气机实验台上完成了实验验证。在对动态信号进行时域分析、频域分析、滤波及相关性分析的基础上,确定了旋转失速在线控制的整定值,结合叶顶微喷气扩稳方法,在不同相关系数设定的条件下,进行了旋转失速在线反馈控制的实验研究。实验结果显示该DSP控制系统与相关计算方案结合具有有效的控制效果,为压气机流动失稳控制技术发展探索一种新的方式。     

Space Life Science of China

With the human space exploration activities, space life science is an emerging interdiscipline, which covers a wide range of researches. Based on our country's manned space station and recoverable satellite science experimental platform, the development of space life science research is very important to acquire new knowledge or new technological innovation, to give further services to the human space exploration activities, to improve the national economic and social development. Both ground-based and flight applied studies were continuously performed in the previous 2 years. Here, we review and summarize the researches on space life sciences contributed by Chinese scientists.      

民用飞机主制造商设计保证系统的建设方法

运输类民用飞机主制造商建立设计保证系统,旨在充分发挥自主适航的能力,从产品全生命周期出发保证研制航空产品的安全性,提升航空产品的品质,保持航空产品的高质量运行。基于欧洲航空安全局和中国民用航空局关于设计保证系统的相关适航要求分析,结合民用飞机主制造商的管理体系,确立设计保证系统"明确职责-梳理活动-健全组织机构-优化资源配置-建立文件体系"的建设方案,浅析民用飞机主制造商围绕设计职能、适航职能、独立监督职能开展设计保证系统建设的方法。     

Detailed modeling of aluminum particle combustion——From single particles to cloud combustion in Bunsen flames

A numerical model for aluminum cloud combustion which includes the effects of interphase heat transfer, phase change, heterogeneous surface reactions, homogeneous combustion,oxide cap growth and radiation within the Euler–Lagrange framework is proposed. The model is validated in single particle configurations with varying particle diameters. The combustion process of a single aluminum particle is analyzed in detail and the particle consumption rates as well as the heat release rates due to the v...