Cutting force and specific energy for rotary ultrasonic drilling based on kinematics analysis of vibration effectiveness

Rotary ultrasonic drilling(RUD) has become an effective approach for machining advanced composites which are widely using in the field of aeronautics. The cutting kinematics and the corresponding material removal mechanisms are distinct in different drilling areas during RUD. However, these fundamentals have not been fully considered in the existing studies. In this research, two distinct forms of interaction induced by ultrasonic vibration were considered as impact-separation and vibratory lapp...     

A novel inflatable rings supported design and buoyancy-weight balance deformation analysis of stratosphere airships

Owing to the unique advantages in flight altitude, dwelling time and wide coverage area,stratospheric airships provide permanent monitoring and surveillance for both civil and military applications. Here we propose a semi-rigid stratosphere airship design with circumferential highpressure inflatable rings and a longitudinal carbon fiber skeleton supported inside. We perform numerical simulations to analyze the deformation characteristics during the whole ascending and descending process. An equi...     

Effects of muscle electrostimulation during simulated weightlessness

In a 45-day experiment test subjects were exposed to bed rest with their heads down at -4 degrees C. Twice a day their muscles of the stomach, back, femur, and shin were stimulated with electric current for 25-30 min. The value of muscle tension was close to their maximum voluntary contraction. The main objective was to prevent muscle atrophy and to maintain their trophic and functional state. Physiological measurements were carried out together with morphological, cytochemical, and biometric evaluations. The tissue removed during biopsy from M. soleus 7 days before the test and on the 30th hypokinetic day was used as substrate. Electrostimulation affected favourably the tone and strength of muscles as well as their static and dynamic endurance. Morphological studies showed a positive effect of electrostimulation on the muscle tissue, preventing the development of atrophic processes. During the first post-hypokinetic day orthostatic tolerance increased.     

微细管道内R141b沸腾气液两相流动与换热特性数值仿真

为探究微尺度管道内沸腾气液两相流动与换热机理,采用基于VOF多相流模型的数值方法研究了制冷剂R141b在水平微细管道内的流动沸腾换热过程,获得了制冷剂R141b在管道内的流型、温度、速度及表面传热系数分布,分析了制冷剂R141b在管道内流动沸腾换热的基本规律和气泡运动特点。研究表明,制冷剂R141b在微细管道内流动沸腾依次出现单相流,泡状流,受限泡状流,弹状流,间歇状流,雾状流等典型流型。制冷剂R141b在微细管道内温度沿轴向逐渐升高,速度沿轴向逐渐增大,表面传热系数沿轴向先增大后减小。由于质量流速的增大使得制冷剂气相和液相的流动速度增加,表面传热系数随之增大:相同热流密度下,计算的大质量流速工况较小质量流速工况的表面传热系数平均增幅为21.4%;热流密度的增大会加快制冷剂液相向气相转变的速度,表面传热系数随之增大:相同质量流速下,计算的大热流密度工况较小热流密度工况的表面传热系数平均增幅为23.9%。     

Mechanical properties of multi-scale germanium specimens from space solar cells under electron irradiation

During long-term service in space, Gallium Arsenide(GaAs) solar cells are directly exposed to electron irradiation which usually causes a dramatic decrease in their performance. In the multilayer structure of solar cells, the germanium(Ge) layer occupies the majority of the thickness as the substrate. Due to the intrinsic brittleness of semiconductor material, there exist various defects during the preparation and assembly of solar cells, the influences of which tend to be intensified by the irr...     

The mass and speed dependence of meteor air plasma temperatures

The speed and mass dependence of meteor air plasma temperatures is perhaps the most important data needed to understand how small meteoroids chemically change the ambient atmosphere in their path and enrich the ablated meteoric organic matter with oxygen. Such chemistry can play an important role in creating prebiotic compounds. The excitation conditions in various air plasma emissions were measured from high-resolution optical spectra of Leonid storm meteors during NASA's Leonid Multi-Instrument Aircraft Campaign. This was the first time a sufficient number and range of temperature measurements were obtained to search for meteoroid mass and speed dependencies. We found slight increases in temperature with decreasing altitude, but otherwise nearly constant values for meteoroids with speeds between 35 and 72 km/s and masses between 10(-5) g and 1 g. We conclude that faster and more massive meteoroids produce a larger emission volume, but not a higher air plasma temperature. We speculate that the meteoric plasma may be in multiphase equilibrium with the ambient atmosphere, which could mean lower plasma temperatures in a CO(2)-rich early Earth atmosphere.