The PROCESS experiment: an astrochemistry laboratory for solid and gaseous organic samples in low-earth orbit

The PROCESS (PRebiotic Organic ChEmistry on the Space Station) experiment was part of the EXPOSE-E payload outside the European Columbus module of the International Space Station from February 2008 to August 2009. During this interval, organic samples were exposed to space conditions to simulate their evolution in various astrophysical environments. The samples used represent organic species related to the evolution of organic matter on the small bodies of the Solar System (carbonaceous asteroids and comets), the photolysis of methane in the atmosphere of Titan, and the search for organic matter at the surface of Mars. This paper describes the hardware developed for this experiment as well as the results for the glycine solid-phase samples and the gas-phase samples that were used with regard to the atmosphere of Titan. Lessons learned from this experiment are also presented for future low-Earth orbit astrochemistry investigations.     

特异意识状态：新的领域

日渐明显的是,许多特异意识状态(ASC)和相关问题可以进入科学探索的领域.许多这些主观的状态或现象原先被归类为本质上是宗教的或神秘主义的,因而作为非客观的、非物理性的或不属于普遍的观察而被排除于科学研究之外.这种态度正在改变.首先是因为主观——客观二分法的困境证明了意识的重要性;其次是因为技术的发展使得发现主观状态的生理相关性成为可能——例如,现在可以通过快速眼动和脑电图记录探查和监督做梦.作为这些进展的结果,先前的这些神秘主义主题正转向科学证实和探索的领域.     

降阶脉冲发动机的点火控制逻辑

本文研究脉冲发动机在战术导弹,特别是空空导弹上的应用.因为其飞行任务要求对能量消耗作仔细地监控.一般的中程空空导弹使用助推-主发动机作为动力.除了接近交会之外,发射时导弹雷达导引头并不知道目标.一般的中程空空导弹使用比例导航或者在终段制导使用改进的比例导航,同时为了使导弹在较高的高度飞行以减小阻力,在中段附加了预编程的     

那水,那桥,那镇

那平乐小镇并非特别美丽．但是在仔细品味和阅读之后．总有流连忘返的感觉。     

耐用防热方案的验证试验

为了给未来空间运载系统表面提供耐用的热防护,正在研制三种新型防热系统(TPS):钛合金多层壁、超级合金蜂窝和新的碳-碳多支柱结构。该文介绍这些方案的验证试验(热、振动、噪声、存放环境、雷击、气动热)。初步试验结果表明三种防热方案,可以在2300°F以下表面温度范围内使用。     

New results for the space radiation environment of MIR space station obtained by Liulin dosimeter-radiometer. Comparison with LET spectrometer NAUSICAA

Since 1988 high sensitivity semiconductor dosimeter-radiometer “Liulin” worked on board of MIR space station. Device measured the absorbed dose rate and the flux of penetrating particles. The analysis of the data hows the following new results:

In October 1989 and after March 24, 1991, two additional stable maximums in flux channel were observed in the southern-eastern part of South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA). These two maximums existed at least several months and seem to be due to trapped high energy electron and proton fluxes. In April 1991 additional maximums were localized in the following geographical coordinates regions: LATITUDE = (−35 °)–(−50 °) LONGITUDE = 332 ° − 16 ° and lat.(−46 °)–(−52 °) long. 360 ° − 60 °. Additional maximums diffusion occurs inside radiation belt. Appearance of these maximums seems to be closely connected with preceding powerful solar proton events and associated geomagnetic dynamics of new belt disturbances. After the series of solar proton events in June 1991 we observed significant enhancement of this new radiation belt formation. To achieve sufficient accuracy of dose rate predictions in low Earth orbits the structure and dynamics of new belt should be carefully analyzed to be included in a new environment model.

From the inter comparison of the data from “Liulin” and French developed tissue equivalent LET spectrometer NAUSICAA in the time period August–November 1992 we come to the following conclusions: Mainly there is good agreement between both data sets for absorbed dose in the region of SAA; Different situation of the instruments on the station can explain the cases when differences up to 2 times are observed; At high latitudes usually the tissue equivalent absorbed dose observations are 2 times larger than “Liulin” doses.