GRACE gravity field modeling with an investigation on correlation between nuisance parameters and gravity field coefficients

The GRACE (Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment) monthly gravity models have been independently produced and published by several research institutions, such as Center for Space Research (CSR), GeoForschungsZentrum (GFZ), Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales (CNES) and Delft Institute of Earth Observation and Space Systems (DEOS). According to their processing standards, above institutions use the traditional variational approach except that the DEOS exploits the acceleration approach. The background force models employed are rather similar. The produced gravity field models generally agree with one another in the spatial pattern. However, there are some discrepancies in the gravity signal amplitude between solutions produced by different institutions. In particular, 10%–30% signal amplitude differences in some river basins can be observed. In this paper, we implemented a variant of the traditional variational approach and computed two sets of monthly gravity field solutions using the data from January 2005 to December 2006. The input data are K-band range-rates (KBRR) and kinematic orbits of GRACE satellites. The main difference in the production of our two types of models is how to deal with nuisance parameters. This type of parameters is necessary to absorb low-frequency errors in the data, which are mainly the aliasing and instrument errors. One way is to remove the nuisance parameters before estimating the geopotential coefficients, called NPARB approach in the paper. The other way is to estimate the nuisance parameters and geopotential coefficients simultaneously, called NPESS approach. These two types of solutions mainly differ in geopotential coefficients from degree 2 to 5. This can be explained by the fact that the nuisance parameters and the gravity field coefficients are highly correlated, particularly at low degrees. We compare these solutions with the official and published ones by means of spectral analysis. It is found that our solutions are, in general, consistent with others in the spatial pattern. The water storage variations of the Amazon, Chari and Ganges river basins have also been computed. The variations computed with the NPARB approach are closer to those produced by JPL and DEOS solutions, while the variations produced with the NPESS approach are in good agreement with those produced by the CSR and GFZ solutions. A simulation study is implemented with considering realistic noise and low-frequency error. The two approaches are used to recover the true model. The NPESS solution appears closer to the true one. Therefore we are inclined to estimate the nuisance parameters simultaneously with the geopential coefficients.     

Conceptual design of a bioregenerative life support system containing crops and silkworms

This article summarizes a conceptual design of a bioregenerative life support system for permanent lunar base or planetary exploration. The system consists of seven compartments – higher plants cultivation, animal rearing, human habitation, water recovery, waste treatment, atmosphere management, and storages. Fifteen kinds of crops, such as wheat, rice, soybean, lettuce, and mulberry, were selected as main life support contributors to provide the crew with air, water, and vegetable food. Silkworms fed by crop leaves were designated to produce partial animal nutrition for the crew. Various physical-chemical and biological methods were combined to reclaim wastewater and solid waste. Condensate collected from atmosphere was recycled into potable water through granular activated carbon adsorption, iodine sterilization, and trace element supplementation. All grey water was also purified though multifiltration and ultraviolet sterilization. Plant residue, human excrement, silkworm feces, etc. were decomposed into inorganic substances which were finally absorbed by higher plants. Some meat, ingredients, as well as nitrogen fertilizer were prestored and resupplied periodically. Meanwhile, the same amount and chemical composition of organic waste was dumped to maintain the steady state of the system. A nutritional balanced diet was developed by means of the linear programming method. It could provide 2721 kcal of energy, 375.5 g of carbohydrate, 99.47 g of protein, and 91.19 g of fat per capita per day. Silkworm powder covered 12.54% of total animal protein intakes. The balance of material flows between compartments was described by the system of stoichiometric equations. Basic life support requirements for crews including oxygen, food, potable and hygiene water summed up to 29.68 kg per capita per day. The coefficient of system material closure reached 99.40%.     

高性能混凝土的外加剂优化研究(英文)

运用不同减水剂和早强剂配制高性能混凝土(High performance concrete,HPC),测定其工作性、标准养护强度和蒸汽养护强度,研究了HPC的外加剂选用原则。结果表明,掺加聚缩酸系高效减水剂有利于HPC获得高工作性和高强度。硫酸钠早强剂将导致工作性不好,强度降低。对于蒸汽养护的HPC制品,应该优先采用硫酸钠含量低的萘系高效减水剂。因此,HPC外加剂的选择应该考虑养护条件的差异。     

《客舱服务技能》课程教学的改进与思考

《客舱服务技能》是空乘专业的一门专业必修课程。在课程改革中,如何改进《客舱服务技能》的教学效果是我们需要关注的重点。本文从目前该课程发展状况、师资、教材、实训条件、教学方法等方面对该课程的建设情况及存在的问题进行了分析与探讨。     

基于遗传算法的无人机协同侦察航路规划

无人机将成为侦察卫星、有人驾驶侦察机的重要补充与增强手段 ,成为未来战场上广泛应用的一种侦察工具。为了提高无人机 (UAV)的侦察效率 ,在执行侦察任务前必需规划设计出高效的无人机侦察飞行航路。针对这一问题 ,本文提出了一种侦察效率指标评估的计算方法 ,解决了航路规划中的侦察效率量化问题。考虑在大范围任务区域内进行侦察航路优化存在计算的复杂性和收敛性等问题 ,本文采用遗传算法对侦察航路进行了优化处理。通过该方法得到的侦察航路可以有效地提高无人机的侦察效率。     

热阻塞与燃烧不稳定性问题的试验研究

在某型涡扇发动机加力燃烧室试验过程中,曾出现过一种燃烧不稳定性,频率为106Hz,其声振频率与一阶纵向振频计算值基本相符。经分析计算表明这是一种气柱振荡不稳定性。原来,在等截面通道中加热时,总压因热阻增大而下降,静压则由于总压下降和比容的增加而急剧降低。      

地坪的热膨胀在飞机制造中对互换协调的影响

本文针对大、中型飞机生产中出现的严重不协调现象,对厂房地坪相对于室温变化的伸缩情况,进行了试验研究。测出了厂房地坪相对于室温变化的伪热膨胀系数α地伪,找出了在与地坪固定的型架中装配产品时,产生严重不协调现象的原因是厂房地坪的伪热膨胀系数大大小于工装和产品常用材料钢和铝合金的热膨胀系数,而严重地影响着固定于地坪上的型架中各尺寸随室温变化的伸缩量。同时也导出了在不同结构型式、不同材料的工装间,在不同室温下装配产品时,所产生的热膨胀综合误差的通用计算公式。探讨了型架结构发展的方向。     

预应力过载对低周疲劳及da/dN的影响

研究了预拉伸应力过载对TC-11钛合金及GH33A高温合金的低周疲劳及da/dN的影响。证明在5×10~3～5×10~4低周疲劳寿命范围内,单边缺口试样的疲劳裂纹起始寿命Ni有明显提高,并可用经验表达式S~m(N_f/r)=C来估算,但对其裂纹扩展寿命Np的影响则并不显著。     

流-势函数法的人工密度格式在叶型设计中的应用

本文采用流-势函数法进行跨音速叶型设计,用人工密度格式取代类型相关格式。与相关格式相比,人工密度格式具有全场算法统一、收敛过程稳定等优点。本文提供的设计算例表明,该方法能有效地进行叶型的初始工程设计。     

高推比预研工程技术效益定量评价

本文提出了一种定量评价技术水平的相对比较法,对高推预研的72个课题。228个技术方面进行了计算,得到了我国航空发动机在这些方面的平均技术水平的变化情况,并分理论、实验两个方面分别进行了定量研究,给出了我国与国际先进水平差距的变化情况和相对于国际先进水的进步速度。计算结果表明,高推预研工程的技术效益显著,使我国在228个研究方面的平均技术水平与国际先进水平的差距缩小了1.6年,相对技术进步速度为1.225。