导弹命中精度一致性分析及评估

命中精度是导弹性能考核的重要指标,对于反舰导弹的命中精度评定,常常采用命中概率这一精度指标。在反舰导弹命中精度评估的过程中,单独采用经典方法来评估导弹的命中概率时,不同的评估方法可能会带来不一致的评估结果,因此会造成较大的评估风险。为了提高评估结果的一致性,降低评估风险,本文首先改进了基于正态分布的命中概率评估方法,提出了基于Bootstrap重采样的命中概率估计新方法,进一步联合基于二项分布的命中概率评估方法,对导弹的命中精度进行一致性分析及评估。与经典方法相比,该方法降低了评估的风险,提高了评估结果的稳健性。     

航天发射塔回转轴承新型清洗剂研制

航天发射塔回转轴承由于尺寸较大、结构复杂等原因,对其直接进行拆卸保养的难度过大。针对航空煤油等传统轴承清洗液存在清洗不彻底、易燃易爆、人身健康危害等缺点,本文通过对轴承润滑脂的化学成分分析研究,配置出了一种新型清洗液,用于对航天发射塔回转轴承进行清洗。经实验验证,该清洗液具有易于配置、便于存储、除油率高等特点。     

轴承支撑的舵面热模态试验及支撑刚度辨识

对在大气层内及临近空间内长时间飞行的高超声速飞行器,其舵面的模态特性比固支的翼面更加复杂,除了与舵面自身的弹性模量及内部热应力有关外,还受到根部支撑刚度的较大影响,并且支撑刚度还将受到温度的影响。以轴承机构支撑的舵面为对象,考虑温度对支撑刚度的影响,建立了非固支的全动舵面支撑边界条件。通过设计舵面受热相同、支撑部位受热不同的加热工况,辨识出了连接面两侧温升对舵面支撑刚度的线性影响规律,并验证了辨识结果的有效性。结果表明：在舵面受热相同情况下,降低支撑部位的温升,可以有效减少舵面模态频率受气动加热的影响。研究结果可供安装此类舵面的飞行器防热设计参考。     

返回舱/空间探测器热防护结构发展现状与趋势

针对中国天地往返和深空探测领域对热防护结构的需求,综述了国内外返回舱和空间探测器热防护材料/结构的发展现状,着重介绍了包括蜂窝增强热防护材料、纤维增强热防护材料、组合式热防护结构以及展开式热防护结构等在内的代表性热防护材料/结构的设计理念和性能特征。在系统总结热防护结构发展趋势的基础上,分析了返回舱和空间探测器热防护结构发展中存在的关键问题,可以看出：纤维增强热防护材料在热防护结构重量方面表现出了突出优势,材料拼接设计成为结构发展的重要阻碍;组合式热防护结构设计在现有材料发展水平的基础上,将成为提高热防护结构效率的有力途径;展开式热防护结构有望使航天器有效载荷重量显著提升,但受限于柔性热防护材料性能和结构工艺,仍有待发展。更加频繁的天地往返运输和深空探测项目的开展必将对热防护结构发展产生巨大的推动作用。     

Experimental investigation on aero-heating of rudder shaft within laminar/turbulent hypersonic boundary layers

The aero-heating of the rudder shaft region of a hypersonic vehicle is very harsh, as the peak heat flux in this region can be even higher than that at the stagnation point. Therefore, studying the aero-heating of the rudder shaft is of great significance for designing the thermal protection system of the hypersonic vehicle. In the wind tunnel test of the aero-heating effect, we find that with the increase of the angle of attack of the lifting body model, the increasement of the heat flux of the rudder shaft is larger under laminar flow conditions than that under turbulent flow conditions. To understand this, we design a wind tunnel experiment to study the effect of laminar/turbulent hypersonic boundary layers on the heat flux of the rudder shaft under the same wind tunnel freestream conditions. The experiment is carried out in the ?2 m shock tunnel(FD-14 A) affiliated to the China Aerodynamics Research and Development Center(CARDC). The laminar boundary layer on the model is triggered to a turbulent one by using vortex generators, which are 2 mm-high diamonds. The aero-heating of the rudder shaft(with the rudder) and the protuberance(without the rudder) are studied in both hypersonic laminar and turbulent boundary layers under the same freestream condition. The nominal Mach numbers are 10 and 12, and the unit Reynolds numbers are2.4 × 10~6 m~(-1) and 2.1 × 10~6 m-1. The angle of attack of the model is 20°, and the deflection angle of the rudder and the protuberance is 10°. The heat flux on the model surface is measured by thin film heat flux sensors, and the heat flux distribution along the center line of the lifting body model suggests that forced transition is achieved in the upstream of the rudder. The test results of the rudder shaft and the protuberance show that the heat flux of the rudder shaft is lower in the turbulent flow than that in the laminar flow, but the heat flux of the protuberance is the other way around,i.e., lower in the laminar flow than in the turbulent flow. The wind tunnel test results is also validated by numerical simulations. Our analysis suggests that this phenomenon is due to the difference of boundary layer velocities caused by different thickness of boundary layer between laminar and turbulent flows, as well as the restricted flow within the rudder gap. When the turbulent boundary layer is more than three times thicker than that of the laminar boundary layer, the heat flux of the rudder shaft under the laminar flow condition is higher than that under the turbulent flow condition. Discovery of this phenomenon has great importance for guiding the design of the thermal protection system for the rudder shaft of hypersonic vehicles.     

Online condition diagnosis for a two-stage gearbox machinery of an aerospace utilization system using an ensemble multi-fault features indexing approach

China manned space station is designed to operate for over ten years. Long-term and sustainable research on space science and technology will be conducted during its operation. The application payloads must meet the ‘‘long life and high reliability" mission requirement. Gearbox machinery is one of the essential devices in an aerospace utilization system, failure of which may lead to downtime loss even during some disastrous catastrophes. A fault diagnosis of gearbox has attracted attentions for its significance in preventing catastrophic accidents and guaranteeing sufficient maintenance. A novel fault diagnosis method based on the Ensemble Multi-Fault Features Indexing(EMFFI) approach is proposed for the condition monitoring of gearboxes. Different from traditional methods of signal analysis in the one-dimensional space, this study employs a supervised learning method to determine the faults of a gearbox in a two-dimensional space using the classification model established by training the features extracted automatically from diagnostic vibration signals captured. The proposed method mainly includes the following steps. First, the vibration signals are transformed into a bi-spectrum contour map utilizing bi-spectrum technology,which provides a basis for the following image-based feature extraction. Then, Speeded-Up Robustness Feature(SURF) is applied to automatically extract the image feature points of the bi-spectrum contour map using a multi-fault features indexing theory, and the feature dimension is reduced by Linear Discriminant Analysis(LDA). Finally, Random Forest(RF) is introduced to identify the fault types of the gearbox. The test results verify that the proposed method based on the multi-fault features indexing approach achieves the target of high diagnostic accuracy and can serve as a highly effective technique to discover faults in a gearbox machinery such as a two-stage one.     

Kinematics-based four-state trajectory tracking control of a spherical mobile robot driven by a 2-DOF pendulum

Spherical mobile robot has compact structure, remarkable stability, and flexible motion,which make it have many advantages over traditional mobile robots when applied in those unmanned environments, such as outer planets. However, spherical mobile robot is a special highly under-actuated nonholonomic system, which cannot be transformed to the classic chained form. At present, there has not been a kinematics-based trajectory tracking controller which could track both the position states and the attitude states of a spherical mobile robot. In this paper, the four-state(two position states and two attitude states) trajectory tracking control of a type of spherical mobile robot driven by a 2-DOF pendulum was studied. A controller based on the shunting model of neurodynamics and the kinematic model was deduced, and its stability was demonstrated with Lyapunov's direct method. The control priorities of the four states were allocated according to the magnification of each state tracking error in order to firstly ensure the correct tracking of the position states. The outputs(motor speeds) of the controller were regulated according to the maximum speeds and the maximum accelerations of the actuation motors in order to solve the speed jump problem caused by initial state errors, and continuous and bounded outputs were obtained. The effectiveness including the anti-interference ability of the proposed trajectory tracking controller was verified through MATLAB simulations.     

大型载人空间基础设施商业化运营模式初探

为提高以空间站为代表的大型载人空间基础设施运行效率和运营效益,本文在研究国际空间站(ISS)在轨运营模式及商业化做法的基础上,针对我国现有空间基础设施的在轨运营特点、国家战略和社会商业化需求,提出了引入社会资本建立商业化运营模式和建立商业成果转化基金等建议,成立专门的商业化运营管理机构,进行统筹管理和商业化运营,探索形成一套职责清晰、高质高效、效益突出的商业化运营管理体系,既保证空间基础设施在轨健康运行,高效开展各类空间应用,又降低建设和运营成本。在孕育商业模式和创新项目促进经济社会发展的同时,也具有重要的现实意义和深远的社会效益。     

航空铆钉连接件的抗冲击性能

以分离式Hopkinson拉杆装置为基础,设计了特殊的铆接试验件,对MS20615铆钉的铆接结构开展了动态加载下不同加载角度、不同加载速率的力学性能试验。结合其准静态试验结果,获得了铆接结构在纯剪切、30°拉剪耦合、45°拉剪耦合、60°拉剪耦合和纯拉伸试验下的力学性能参数。试验结果表明,加载角度、加载速率对铆接结构的失效载荷与失效模式有显著的影响。在试验结果的基础上,使用有限元软件LS-Dyna建立了铆接结构的简化模型,对比了试验和数值模拟得到的铆接结构载荷-位移曲线,并对简化数值模型进行了网格相关性分析,验证了简化的铆钉单元模型的可行性。     

双后掠乘波体的非线性升力增长

基于密切锥的双后掠乘波体是定平面形状乘波体的典型应用,除了具有良好的宽速域性能,其升力在高超声速大迎角下的非线性增长也是值得研究的现象。对比双后掠乘波体与单后掠乘波体的气动性能,发现双后掠外形比同等面积的单后掠外形具有更强的非线性增升效应,而且随着马赫数增加,其效应不断增强。分析乘波体不同部件的气动力,发现这种增升主要来自下表面,上表面贡献很小,指出相关学者提出的"涡升力"观点存在问题。本文研究表明,双后掠乘波体升力随迎角的非线性增加,与后掠角对激波附着的影响有关：后掠角越小,激波越难脱体,只要激波附着,参考斜激波关系式,波后的压力随迎角的增长就是非线性的,导致升力增长非线性;而激波脱体,升力增长则趋于线性。