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241.
P. C. Frisch 《Space Science Reviews》2007,130(1-4):355-365
The properties of interstellar matter at the Sun are regulated by our location with respect to a void in the local matter
distribution, known as the Local Bubble. The Local Bubble (LB) is bounded by associations of massive stars and fossil supernovae
that have disrupted dense interstellar matter (ISM), driving low density intermediate velocity ISM into the void. The Sun
appears to be located in one of these flows of low density material. This nearby interstellar matter, dubbed the Local Fluff,
has a bulk velocity of ∼19 km s−1 in the local standard of rest. The flow is coming from the direction of the gas and dust ring formed where the Loop I supernova
remnant merges into the LB. Optical polarization data suggest that the local interstellar magnetic field lines are draped
over the heliosphere. A longstanding discrepancy between the high thermal pressure of plasma filling the LB and low thermal
pressures in the embedded Local Fluff cloudlets is partially mitigated when the ram pressure component parallel to the cloudlet
flow direction is included. 相似文献
242.
Vanjari S.V. Krogmeier J.V. Bell M.R. 《IEEE transactions on aerospace and electronic systems》2007,43(4):1426-1440
In sensor networks distributed over large areas, communication by means of active transmitters on sensor nodes is inherently energy expensive and poses a significant bottleneck to achieve a long battery life. We propose modulated reradiation of radar illumination as a means to transmit information from a group of sensors to an airborne radar. This puts the communications energy burden on the radar transmitter rather than on the sensor nodes, thus increasing their battery lifetimes. To distinguish the sensor return from the clutter return, the modulation on the sensors is done by switching a nonlinear load on the sensor antenna and processing the harmonic reradiation. We present techniques to transmit information from the sensors, which use stripmap mode synthetic aperture radar (SAR) ideas to decode the information and to simultaneously obtain a geographic map of the sensor locations. 相似文献
243.
T. S. Bastian 《Space Science Reviews》1994,68(1-4):261-274
Radio and X-ray observations of stellar flares provide the most direct probes of energy relaase particle acceleration, and energy transport on stars other than the Sun. In this review, the observational basis for our understanding of the flare phenomenon on other stars is briefly described and outstanding interpretive and theoretical issues are discussed. I shall confine my attention to objects which are solar-like, to the extent that they possess deep convective envelopes and display activity which is presumed to be magnetic in origin. These include pre-main sequence objects, classical flare stars, and close binaries. Future directions are briefly discussed. 相似文献
244.
Carlson B.D. Evans E.D. Wilson S.L. 《IEEE transactions on aerospace and electronic systems》1994,30(1):109-115
For pt.I see ibid., vol.30, no.1, (Jan.1994). This paper describes the calculation of PF and PD for the Hough transform technique when the primary threshold crossings are weighted by their power before transforming (i.e., noncoherent integration). After expressions for PF and PD are derived, we examine the question of optimal granularity of the Hough accumulator space. We also investigate the relationship between primary and secondary thresholds and its effect on detectability 相似文献
245.
Glaser J.S. Witulski A.F. Myers R.G. 《IEEE transactions on aerospace and electronic systems》1994,30(1):135-143
A constant-frequency diode-clamped series resonant converter (CFCSRC) is proposed as a solution to problems associated with frequency-controlled resonant converters. This converter has two resonant frequencies, and control is achieved by varying the relative time spent at each switching frequency. Two zero-current-switching (ZCS) modes are examined and plotted in the output plane. An equation is given for the boundary between the two ZCS modes, as well as an expression for the boundary between ZCS and non-ZCS operation; both are plotted in the output plane. The output equation for the main mode is shown to be hyperbolic. Converter peak voltages limited to the input voltages, and peak currents are less than those of the frequency-controlled clamped series resonant converter over a large operating range. Data from a prototype converter are compared with theoretical data and are shown to be in good agreement with the theoretical model 相似文献
246.
The continued development of the symmetric measurement equation (SME) filter for track maintenance in multiple target tracking (MTT) is considered, focusing on the case in which the SMEs are generated by forming sums of products of the original position measurements. The SME filter is developed for the case of N targets whose motions consist of random perturbations about constant-velocity trajectories. It is assumed that measurements of x -coordinate positions are available, and that the number of measurements is equal to the number of targets. Various analytical properties of the SME filter are studied. It is shown that under a very weak condition, the estimation error equation is locally exponentially stable. The performance of the SME filter is investigated by comparing it with an optimal (minimum-variance) estimator and by generating a computer simulation in the six-target case 相似文献
247.
248.
The modulation of galactic cosmic rays in the heliosphere seems to be dominated by four major mechanisms: convection, diffusion,
drifts (gradient, curvature and current sheet), and adiabatic energy losses. In this regard the global structure of the solar
wind, the heliospheric magnetic field (HMF), the current sheet (HCS), and that of the heliosphere itself play major roles.
Individually, the four mechanisms are well understood, but in combination, the complexity increases significantly especially
their evolvement with time - as a function of solar activity. The Ulysses observations contributed significantly during the past solar minimum modulation period to establish the relative importance
of these major mechanisms, leading to renewed interest in developing more sophisticated numerical models, and in the underlying
physics, e.g., what determines the diffusion tensor. With increased solar activity, the relative contributions of the mentioned
mechanisms change, but how they change and what causes these changes over an 11-year solar cycle is not well understood. It
can therefore be expected that present and forthcoming observations during solar maximum activity will again produce very
important insights into the causes of long-term modulation. In this paper the basic theory of solar modulation is reviewed
for galactic cosmic rays. The influence of the Ulysses observations on the development of the basic theory and numerical models are discussed, especially those that have challenged
the theory and models. Model-based predictions are shown for what might be encountered during the next solar minimum. Lastly,
modulation theory and modelling are discussed for periods of maximum solar activity when a global reorganization of the HMF,
and the HCS, occurs.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
249.
An Overview of the Fast Auroral SnapshoT (FAST) Satellite 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
The FAST satellite is a highly sophisticated scientific satellite designed to carry out in situ measurements of acceleration physics and related plasma processes associated with the Earth's aurora. Initiated and conceptualized by scientists at the University of California at Berkeley, this satellite is the second of NASA's Small Explorer Satellite program designed to carry out small, highly focused, scientific investigations. FAST was launched on August 21, 1996 into a high inclination (83°) elliptical orbit with apogee and perigee altitudes of 4175 km and 350 km, respectively. The spacecraft design was tailored to take high-resolution data samples (or `snapshots') only while it crosses the auroral zones, which are latitudinally narrow sectors that encircle the polar regions of the Earth. The scientific instruments include energetic electron and ion electrostatic analyzers, an energetic ion instrument that distinguishes ion mass, and vector DC and wave electric and magnetic field instruments. A state-of-the-art flight computer (or instrument data processing unit) includes programmable processors that trigger the burst data collection when interesting physical phenomena are encountered and stores these data in a 1 Gbit solid-state memory for telemetry to the Earth at later times. The spacecraft incorporates a light, efficient, and highly innovative design, which blends proven sub-system concepts with the overall scientific instrument and mission requirements. The result is a new breed of space physics mission that gathers unprecedented fields and particles observations that are continuous and uninterrupted by spin effects. In this and other ways, the FAST mission represents a dramatic advance over previous auroral satellites. This paper describes the overall FAST mission, including a discussion of the spacecraft design parameters and philosophy, the FAST orbit, instrument and data acquisition systems, and mission operations. 相似文献
250.
F.B. Rizzato A.C.-L. Chian M.V. Alves R. Erichsen S.R. Lopes G.I. de Oliveira R. Pakter E.L. Rempel 《Space Science Reviews》2003,107(1-2):507-514
Langmuir waves and turbulence resulting from an electron beam-plasma instability play a fundamental role in the generation
of solar radio bursts. We report recent theoretical advances in nonlinear dynamics of Langmuir waves. First, starting from
the generalized Zakharov equations, we study the parametric excitation of solar radio bursts at the fundamental plasma frequency
driven by a pair of oppositely propagating Langmuir waves with different wave amplitudes. Next, we briefly discuss the emergence
of chaos in the Zakharov equations. We point out that chaos can lead to turbulence in the source regions of solar radio emissions.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献