Assessment on critical technologies for conceptual design of blended-wing-body civil aircraft

Civil aviation faces great challenges because of its robust projected future growth and potential adverse environmental effects. The classical Tube-And-Wing(TAW) configuration following the Cayley's design principles has been optimized to the architecture's limit, which can hardly satisfy the further requirements on green aviation. By past decades' investigations the BlendedWing-Body(BWB) concept has emerged as a potential solution, which can simultaneously fulfill metrics of noise, emission and fuel burn. The purpose of the present work is to analyze the developments of critical technologies for BWB conceptual design from a historical perspective of technology progress. It was found that the high aerodynamic efficiency of BWB aircraft can be well scaled by the mean aerodynamic chord and wetted aspect ratio, and should be realized with the trade-offs among stability and control and low-speed performance. The structure concepts of non-cylinder pressurized cabin are of high risks on weight prediction and weight penalty. A static stability criterion is recommended and further clear and adequate criteria are required by the evaluations of flying and handling qualities. The difficulties of propulsion and airframe integration are analyzed. The energy to revenue work ratios of well-developed BWB configurations are compared,which are 31.5% and 40% better than that of TAW, using state-of-art engine technology and future engine technology, respectively. Finally, further study aspects are advocated.     

Numerical investigation on flow and heat transfer characteristics of supercritical RP-3 in inclined pipe

Numerical simulations of flow and heat transfer to supercritical RP-3 through the inclined tubes have been performed using LS k–e model embedded in Fluent. The physical properties of RP-3 were obtained using the generalized corresponding state laws based on the fourcomponent surrogate model. Mass flow rate is 0.3 g/s, system pressure is 3 MPa, inlet temperature is 373 K. Inclination of the inclined pipe varied from -90° to 90°, with heat flux varied from 300 k W/m~2 to 400 kW/m~2. Comparison between the calculated result and the experimental data indicates the range of error reasonable. The results of ±45° show that temperature inhomogeneity in inclined pipe produce the secondary flow in its cross section due to the buoyancy force. Depending on the strength of the temperature inhomogeneity, there will be two different forms of secondary flow and both contribute to the convective heat transfer in the pipe. The secondary flow intensity decreases when the inhomogeneity alleviates and thermal acceleration will play a leading role. It will have a greater impact on the turbulent flow to affect the convective heat transfer in the pipe. When changing the inclination, it affects the magnitude of the buoyant component in flow direction. The angle increases, the buoyancy component decreases. And the peak temperature of wall dominated by the secondary flow will move forward and increase in height.     

涡桨飞机螺旋桨滑流气动干扰效应及流动机理

螺旋桨滑流对飞机各气动部件的干扰是涡桨飞机气动设计中面临的难点之一。以某双发涡桨支线客机为对象,采用数值模拟手段分析了滑流对机翼、平尾、垂尾的影响及其流动机理。计算采用基于动态面搭接网格技术的非定常方法,气动力与表面压力分布的计算结果均与实验值吻合良好。研究结果表明：在滑流影响下,全机升力和阻力有所增加,升阻比和纵向静稳定度有所降低,并在无侧滑状态下产生了滚转力矩和偏航力矩;在不同展向位置,滑流对机翼表面流动分离的影响存在显著的差异。在螺旋桨下行运动一侧,滑流的旋转减小了当地迎角,同时桨后气流速度较高,翼面流动分离被有效抑制。在螺旋桨上行运动一侧,滑流的旋转增大了当地迎角,而且桨后气流速度较低,因而翼面流动分离并未得到明显改善;在中小迎角下,滑流对背景飞机平尾当地的动压没有产生影响,但增加了下洗角变化率,进而导致平尾效率降低;垂尾的侧力与偏航力矩是由滑流的侧洗引起的,而滑流的侧洗又与左右两侧机翼升力分布的不对称性有关。     

基于动力学边界的结冰飞机安全预警方法

结冰严重破坏飞机的动力学特性,使飞机的非线性和动力学耦合特性表现明显,导致传统的安全预警方法无法准确有效地评估飞行存在的潜在风险,易引发飞行事故。为解决此问题,提出了一种基于动力学边界的新型安全预警方法,该方法可综合考虑飞机的动力学耦合特性,可为结冰飞机的实时安全预警系统的构建提供有力的理论支撑。首先,基于微分流形理论确定结冰飞机精确的动力学边界,并详细分析了飞机结冰对动力学边界的影响;其次,利用动力学边界相对距离对飞行风险进行量化,结合动力学边界的特性确定了安全预警的方法;最后,搭建了飞行仿真训练系统,并以着陆为训练科目,通过与传统迎角安全预警方法对比,得到基于动力学边界安全预警方法的优越性。研究结果表明,相比于传统迎角限制方法,动力学边界安全预警方法可提前发现飞行中存在的潜在风险,且基于此方法的飞行训练系统可对驾驶员进行结冰安全操纵训练可提高结冰飞机的飞行安全。     

常规闭口风洞相阵列气动声学试验

传统气动声学研究观点认为,精确的声学测量要求风洞背景噪声和洞壁反射足够低,传声器测量结果有足够高的信噪比,这是大多数风洞无法达到的要求.近些年,基于声纳和雷达技术发展起来的麦克风相阵列技术可以通过增加阵列的传声器数目从而大幅提高声学测量的信噪比,具有噪声源研究和定位能力,并被成功地应用于非声学固壁风洞噪声源测量和噪声物理机制研究.作者基于相阵列波束生成频域算法研制出常规闭口风洞相阵列系统及相关技术,在FD-09风洞尝试进行了相阵列校准试验和某民机噪声测量试验.结果表明:相阵列技术能够准确捕捉到真实的校准声源,并从技术上验证了相阵列系统在常规闭口风洞测量气动噪声是有效的.     

光电自准直经纬仪水平角测量误差分析

针对光电自准直经纬仪的水平角测量原理和系统组成特点,全面分析了影响其水平角测量精度的各项误差分量,并对各种误差因素进行了定量计算,对系统误差提出补偿方法。通过分析和补偿,可将光电准直经纬仪水平角测量精度提高到0.5″,满足Ⅰ等电子经纬仪的测量精度指标。     

考虑失效性故障的火星探测器进入段姿态容错控制

火星进入过程中的故障和外部干扰不可避免地降低了火星进入制导和控制算法的性能。利用反步法设计了一种对转动惯量信息变化不敏感的火星进入姿态容错控制算法。首先,将虚拟控制律的微分量视作干扰量,利用自适应技术对其进行补偿,避免了传统反步法微分爆炸的缺陷。同时,控制设计过程中显式地引入了饱和函数,保证了在存在输入饱和的情况下,控制律仍然能使得探测器姿态保持稳定。最后,以“火星科学实验室”探测器为模型进行了数值仿真验证,结果表明该控制律在存在输入饱和约束、转动惯量不确定性、执行机构部分失效甚至完全失效的工况下,仍然能够完成对姿态的精准跟踪。     

气体介质对排气式气囊缓冲特性影响研究

中国新一代载人飞船试验船研制过程中开发了一套组合式缓冲气囊.以新飞船返回舱为研究对象,通过流体力学和热力学理论推导,建立了含有内囊的组合式气囊缓冲过程动力学模型,并通过MSC-Dytran对其有效性进行了验证.之后通过仿真计算,分析了影响气囊缓冲特性的两项气体固有参数——气体自由度与摩尔质量——对气囊缓冲过程的影响.研...     

深空合作目标高概率捕获复合扫描策略研究

针对深空目标长距离星间激光通信时间滞后大、光轴抖动明显、不确定区域大的问题,设计了一种基于两级执行机构的抗抖动高概率捕获复合扫描策略。将目标位置不确定区域划分为等大正方形子区域,在子区域内采用光栅扫描,通过快摆镜实现;在子区域间按照光栅螺旋扫描顺序覆盖,通过伺服转台实现子区域间的跳转。然后在考虑光轴抖动的情况下基于遗传算法对子区域大小、扫描光斑重叠大小进行了优化,得到了参数优化后的扫描方案,并通过仿真进行了验证。1000次蒙特卡洛打靶结果表明,在目标位置不确定区域3.6mrad、激光束散角0.1mrad、光轴抖动标准差5μrad的情况下,优化后的扫描方案对目标的捕获概率为99.2%,对不确定区域的扫描时间为41.34s,扫描到目标的平均扫描时间为9.62s。     

航天器设备动力学分析模型简化方法与应用

针对航天器设备因构成复杂引起的动力学分析模型建模困难问题,提出一种基于拓扑优化技术的有限元模型简化方法,以设备实测质量特性为约束条件,通过拓扑优化方法确定设备有限元模型可行设计空间中的材料分布,实现对结构刚度性能的模拟,获得满足动力学特性分析需要的简化的设备有限元模型。应用该方法创建了某星敏感器简化有限元模型,得到的星敏感器简化模型与产品实际质量、质心位置和转动惯量特性基本一致,并且前两阶频率分析值与试验值之间最大偏差约为30%。将该简化模型应用于其支撑结构的动态响应性能评估,两者组合体固有频率及加速度响应趋势的分析数据在450Hz以下的频率范围内与试验数据吻合较好,固有频率最大偏差约为39%。星敏感器简化模型的应用验证了基于拓扑优化技术的有限元模型简化建模方法的可行性,为航天器上复杂设备动力学分析有限元模型的简化建模提供了一种新的解决途径。