Identification of morphological biosignatures in Martian analogue field specimens using in situ planetary instrumentation

We have investigated how morphological biosignatures (i.e., features related to life) might be identified with an array of viable instruments within the framework of robotic planetary surface operations at Mars. This is the first time such an integrated lab-based study has been conducted that incorporates space-qualified instrumentation designed for combined in situ imaging, analysis, and geotechnics (sampling). Specimens were selected on the basis of feature morphology, scale, and analogy to Mars rocks. Two types of morphological criteria were considered: potential signatures of extinct life (fossilized microbial filaments) and of extant life (crypto-chasmoendolithic microorganisms). The materials originated from a variety of topical martian analogue localities on Earth, including impact craters, high-latitude deserts, and hydrothermal deposits. Our in situ payload included a stereo camera, microscope, M?ssbauer spectrometer, and sampling device (all space-qualified units from Beagle 2), and an array of commercial instruments, including a multi-spectral imager, an X-ray spectrometer (calibrated to the Beagle 2 instrument), a micro-Raman spectrometer, and a bespoke (custom-designed) X-ray diffractometer. All experiments were conducted within the engineering constraints of in situ operations to generate realistic data and address the practical challenges of measurement. Our results demonstrate the importance of an integrated approach for this type of work. Each technique made a proportionate contribution to the overall effectiveness of our "pseudopayload" for biogenic assessment of samples yet highlighted a number of limitations of current space instrument technology for in situ astrobiology.     

Space Life Science of China in 2015

With the human space exploration activities, space life science is an emerging interdisciplinary and it covers a wide range of research. Based on our country's manned space station and recoverable satellite science experimental platform, the development of space life science research is very important to acquire new knowledge or new innovation in technology, to give further services to the human space exploration activities, to improve the national economic and social development. Based on present situation, both theoretical and applied researches were continuously performed in 2015. Here, we review and summarize the researches on space life sciences which were contributed by Chinese scientists.      

Some Properties of Microwave Emission From Flaring Regions

A study is made of the differences in the polarization distribution and other characteristics of microwave emission for several active regionswith high flare productivity. Conclusions are drawn about the magnetic field structure of these regions at coronal heights.      

基于图像的测量方法在工业风洞跨声速流测量中的最新进展

风洞中非定常复杂流场的实验研究要求先进的测量技术.基于图像的测量技术中最重要的是测量平面流速度场、平面压强分布、模型位置和变形、模型温度以及定量的高速流可视化等技术.DLR(德国宇航研究院)对这些技术的应用包括从低速流到跨声速流、从增升装置到螺旋桨和旋翼、从弹射装置和水塔储水罐尾迹流旋涡到三角翼上涡破裂现象等的研究.由于跨声速风洞的特殊环境,将基于图像的测量技术用于跨声速流要求专门的技术开发和有经验的科学家.给出了DLR空气动力学和流动技术研究所将基于图像的测量技术应用于跨声速流研究的最新进展.     

Astrobiologically interesting stars within 10 parsecs of the sun

The existence of life based on carbon chemistry and water oceans relies upon planetary properties, chiefly climate stability, and stellar properties, such as mass, age, metallicity, and galactic orbits. The latter can be well constrained with present knowledge. We present a detailed, up-to-date compilation of the atmospheric parameters, chemical composition, multiplicity, and degree of chromospheric activity for the astrobiologically interesting solar-type stars within 10 parsecs of the Sun. We determined their state of evolution, masses, ages, and space velocities, and produced an optimized list of candidates that merit serious scientific consideration by the future space-based interferometry probes aimed at directly detecting Earthsized extrasolar planets and seeking spectroscopic infrared biomarkers as evidence of photosynthetic life. The initially selected stars number 33 solar-type within the total population (excluding some incompleteness for late M-dwarfs) of 182 stars closer than 10 parsecs. A comprehensive and detailed data compilation for these objects is still lacking; a considerable amount of recent data has so far gone unexplored in this context. We present 13 objects as the nearest "biostars," after eliminating multiple stars, young, chromospherically active, hard x-ray- emitting stars, and low metallicity objects. Three of these "biostars"-- Zeta Tucanae, Beta Canum Venaticorum, and 61 Virginis -- closely reproduce most of the solar properties and are considered as premier targets. We show that approximately 7% of the nearby stars are optimally interesting targets for exobiology.     

未来空战全域火力场研究

分析了未来穿透性制空（PCA）空战的发展趋势和制胜关键,针对PCA全平台隐身和分布式杀伤两大显著特征,首先,基于“以目标为中心”和“以载机为中心”2种全向攻击火控模式的有机融合和优势互补,在贯穿导弹射前、射后,覆盖多机、多弹、多目标的全时空域框架下,提出了从全局多层次视角反映协同空战多火力节点的动态和综合杀伤性能的穿透性制空全域火力场概念和设计原理,重新定义了基于截获概率及其全概率公式的空空导弹时变杀伤性能模型,并依此建立了单机火力场模型和双机火力场聚合模型;其次,通过引入场理论的“梯度、散度和旋度”3个度量指标,分别建立了火力场的空间分布、作用范围和偏转变化特性表征模型,并进行了相应的火力场仿真与特性分析;最后,初步探索了将全域火力场应用于全向攻击观察-判断-决策-行动（OODA）闭环的火控瞄准与操纵、单机隐身穿透掠袭式和双机编组协同攻击2种典型空战战术等场景的情况,证明了这一新质火控原理具备很好的技术优势和应用潜力。上述研究工作对于充分发挥新式武器装备性能,有效提高载机自由攻击和自由脱离能力,提升空战效能具有重要的作用;同时,可为将来空战分布式杀伤网的敏捷构建、杀伤链的动态组合和新...     

Progress Update in Space Cell Mechano-biological Coupling

Recent progresses in 2018-2019 from space experiments onboard SJ-10 recoverable satellite and on parabolic flight were summarized, mainly focusing on cell mechano-biological coupling under microgravity. In the meantime, technical pre-research and experimental system design for the biomechanics research platform on China Space Station was carried out and updated.      

Cutting force and specific energy for rotary ultrasonic drilling based on kinematics analysis of vibration effectiveness

Rotary ultrasonic drilling(RUD) has become an effective approach for machining advanced composites which are widely using in the field of aeronautics. The cutting kinematics and the corresponding material removal mechanisms are distinct in different drilling areas during RUD. However, these fundamentals have not been fully considered in the existing studies. In this research, two distinct forms of interaction induced by ultrasonic vibration were considered as impact-separation and vibratory lapp...     

用单片ROM改善码同步器的误码性能

即使滤波器是理想的,采用离散信号处理的前置滤波来抗干扰时,误码性能也要降低。用平均采样器即差分线性滤波器来处理从相关采样获得的统计值时,就会出现误码性能的降低。但是,用正交变换可以减弱已滤波的采样统计的从属性,从而使平均采样表现出近似最优性能。本文为对码同步器的判决产生不利影响的元件提供数学判据和一种替代的正交变换,这种变换通过增加一片 ROM 实现,可以应用于大多数的数字化码同步的设计。     

采用结构协方差矩阵的机载／天基雷达的空时自适应处理

本文表明有效地采用机载／天基（A/S）杂波协方差矩阵（CCM）的部分信息可以大大提高在杂波和干扰环境下块处理空／时自适应处理机（STAP）的收敛性能。CCM的部分知识以由机载雷达团体开发的简化通用杂波模型（GCM）为基础。设定一个参数的先验知识，该参数应是易于通过与这种模型相关的雷达平台可测的（但不一定准确）。这种GCM产生一种假定的CCM。用这种假定的CCM和热噪声协方差矩阵的精确知识一起形成STAP要用的未知干扰协方差矩阵的最大似然估值（MLE）。对利用先验杂波和热噪声协方差信息的这种新算法的评估采用两种杂波模型：1）失配的GCM，2）高保真的空军研究实验室STAP杂波模型。对于这两种杂波模型，这种新算法要大大好于（即收敛更快）采样矩阵求逆（SMI）和快速最大似然（FML）STAP算法，后一种模型仅用了热噪声协方差矩阵的信息。