固体火箭喷管空气动力设计的一般原理

在一定条件的约束下,扩散和两相流效应对喷管空气动力的设计和喷管效率实质上起着支配的作用。为了减少两相流动的损失,提出了一些一般原理。这些原理应用于所介绍的方法中,以便得到一种新的喷管形状。描述了收敛段,喉部和扩散段的结构,通过多项式的起始膨胀区的截短喷管的方法获得了扩散段的形状。所得到喷管的结构对减轻喷管重量比较有利。     

固体推进剂火箭发动机的性能予示和高膨胀比喷管的应用

提出了予示固体推进剂火箭发动机的比冲和特性速度的分析方法。这个方法强调了二维两相流分析,它是以准确的跨音速解为基础,并且给出金属含量高的推进剂的大部分性能损失。它应用于可忽略燃烧损失和出口锥上无粒子撞击的发动机。以一系列的缩比发动机、全尺寸发动机和5台装有高膨胀比喷管的远地点发动机实验结果为背景,评价了它的有效性。膨胀比在很宽的范围内(从9到92)在予示值和实验结果之间完全一致。从本研究得出结论,提出的这个方法是性能予示的一个很准确工具,并且对高膨胀比喷管的气动力设计和分析很有用,这样的喷管对期待中的未来应用是特别有意义的。     

Bacillus subtilis spores on artificial meteorites survive hypervelocity atmospheric entry: implications for Lithopanspermia

An important but untested aspect of the lithopanspermia hypothesis is that microbes situated on or within meteorites could survive hypervelocity entry from space through Earth's atmosphere. The use of high-altitude sounding rockets to test this notion was explored. Granite samples permeated with spores of Bacillus subtilis strain WN511 were attached to the exterior telemetry module of a sounding rocket and launched from White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico into space, reaching maximum atmospheric entry velocity of 1.2 km/s. Maximum recorded temperature during the flight was measured at 145 degrees C. The surfaces of the post-flight granite samples were swabbed and tested for recovery and survival of WN511 spores, using genetic markers and the unique DNA fingerprint of WN511 as recovery criteria. Spore survivors were isolated at high frequency, ranging from 1.2% to 4.4% compared with ground controls, from all surfaces except the forward-facing surface. Sporulation-defective mutants were noted among the spaceflight survivors at high frequency (4%). These experiments constitute the first report of spore survival to hypervelocity atmospheric transit, and indicate that sounding rocket flights can be used to model the high-speed atmospheric entry of bacteria-laden artificial meteorites.     

Temperature and moisture conditions for life in the extreme arid region of the Atacama desert: four years of observations including the El Niño of 1997-1998

The Atacama along the Pacific Coast of Chile and Peru is one of the driest and possibly oldest deserts in the world. It represents an extreme habitat for life on Earth and is an analog for life in dry conditions on Mars. We report on four years (September 1994-October 1998) of climate and moisture data from the extreme arid region of the Atacama. Our data are focused on understanding moisture sources and their role in creating suitable environments for photosynthetic microorganisms in the desert surface. The average air temperature was 16.5 degrees C and 16.6 degrees C in 1995 and 1996, respectively. The maximum air temperature recorded was 37.9 degrees C, and the minimum was -5.7 degrees C. Annual average sunlight was 336 and 335 W m(-2) in 1995 and 1996, respectively. Winds averaged a few meters per second, with strong f?hn winds coming from the west exceeding 12 m s(-1). During our 4 years of observation there was only one significant rain event of 2.3 mm, which occurred near midnight local time. We suggest that this event was a rainout of a heavy fog. It is of interest that the strong El Ni?o of 1997-1998 brought heavy rainfall to the deserts of Peru, but did not bring significant rain to the central Atacama in Chile. Dew occurred at our station frequently following high nighttime relative humidity, but is not a significant source of moisture in the soil or under stones. Groundwater also does not contribute to surface moisture. Only the one rain event of 2.3 mm resulted in liquid water in the soil and beneath stones for a total of only 65-85 h over 4 years. The paucity of liquid water under stones is consistent with the apparent absence of hypolithic (under-stone) cyanobacteria, the only known primary producers in such extreme deserts.     

EVA: European plans

The current status of European EVA (extravehicular activity) plans is reviewed. The major difference to already existing EVA scenarios in U.S.A. and Soviet Union consists in the adoption of a higher suit pressure, namely 500 hPa. The results of a study concerned with the physiological consequences of this adoption are presented, including recommendations for protective procedures and their necessary experimental validation. A certain discrepancy between laboratory experimental decompression data and EVA operational results is discussed, leading to the identification of several items which may influence space decompression. Microgravity and the influence of the space suit itself are most likely factors in the explanation of this discrepancy, and both experimental procedures and technological developments are proposed to clarify their role for the future design of EVA procedures.     

不同液压条件下锥形液膜破碎的实验研究

应用PIV激光粒子图像测速仪对由离心式压力雾化喷嘴喷出的锥形液膜的破碎进行了实验研究。澜得了不同压力下的扰动波波长、波速和振幅。研究结果表明，液膜半锥角随着液压的增加而增加，半波长的液膜段剥落后几乎立即破碎成液滴，看不到明显的液膜段收缩成液丝的过程。由实验拍摄的图像看，长、短扰动波同时存在，共同影响液膜的破碎。这些数据可用于发展锥形液膜初始雾化模型。     

复合材料结构的修理

由于复合材料结构重量轻、强度高,所以在飞机上得到了广泛的应用。本文主要介绍飞机上复合材料结构常见损伤类型及典型的修理程序。     

用二阶矩两相湍流模型模拟鼓泡床内气泡—液体湍流两相流动

建立了二阶矩气液两相湍流模型，模拟了不同工况下二维矩形断面气液鼓泡床中气泡－液体湍流两相流动，给出了气泡和液体的速度场、气泡体积分数和两相雷诺应力分布，基本工况的模拟结果与美国俄亥俄州立大学PIV测量结果符合较好。文中研究了不同气体表观速度对两相流场的影响。模拟结果显示了鼓泡床内液体的回流流动和气泡的上升运动、各向异性的上湍流，气泡湍流脉动比液体的强，以及气泡体积分数和两相湍流强度随着气体表观速度的增大而增大等规律。     

Titan and exobiological aspects of the Cassini-Huygens mission

Titan, the largest satellite of Saturn, has a dense N2-CH4 atmosphere rich in organic compounds, both in gas and in aerosol phases. Its surface is probably covered by oceans of liquid methane-ethane mixtures, with many dissolved organics. This quasi planet appears as a natural laboratory to study chemical evolution toward complex organic systems in a planetary environment over a long time scale. With the Cassini-Huygens mission NASA and ESA will jointly send an orbiter (Cassini) around Saturn and a probe (Huygens) in the atmosphere of Titan. This mission, currently planned to be launched in 1996-1997 for a Saturn - Titan arrival in 2004, offers a unique opportunity to study in detail extra-terrestrial organic processes. Consequently, it has important implications in the field of exobiology and the origins of life.