新型CW雷达信号的延时—多普勒响应

本文概述了连续波（ＣＷ）雷达原理，并运用此原理获得了新型ＣＷ信号的延时－多普勒响应。近几年来所报道的这些信号由于其良好的周期自相关性能而具有极低的距离边瓣。这种性能是普通线性－调频信号所不具备的。     

玻璃碳断裂性能的一些研究

本文简要介绍用“声共振法”测材料的杨氏模量,用“控制裂纹法”测材料的断裂韧性以及材料的极限应变能释放率的计算。对三种玻璃碳的室温-1023°K的杨氏模量和断裂韧性进行了测定,用电子扫描显微镜对玻璃碳的断裂、氧化和加工表面进行研究观察,分析了玻璃碳的极限应变能释放率并与多晶石墨及碳-碳复合材料进行比较。     

Survival of rock-colonizing organisms after 1.5 years in outer space

Cryptoendolithic microbial communities and epilithic lichens have been considered as appropriate candidates for the scenario of lithopanspermia, which proposes a natural interplanetary exchange of organisms by means of rocks that have been impact ejected from their planet of origin. So far, the hardiness of these terrestrial organisms in the severe and hostile conditions of space has not been tested over extended periods of time. A first long-term (1.5 years) exposure experiment in space was performed with a variety of rock-colonizing eukaryotic organisms at the International Space Station on board the European EXPOSE-E facility. Organisms were selected that are especially adapted to cope with the environmental extremes of their natural habitats. It was found that some-but not all-of those most robust microbial communities from extremely hostile regions on Earth are also partially resistant to the even more hostile environment of outer space, including high vacuum, temperature fluctuation, the full spectrum of extraterrestrial solar electromagnetic radiation, and cosmic ionizing radiation. Although the reported experimental period of 1.5 years in space is not comparable with the time spans of thousands or millions of years believed to be required for lithopanspermia, our data provide first evidence of the differential hardiness of cryptoendolithic communities in space.     

DEMETER卫星记录到的电离层加热现象

在法国DEMETER卫星运行期间, 地基电离层加热装置SURA和HAARP开展了一系列加热试验, 记录到各类电离层异常信息, 发现电离层加热过程中卫星观测的电离层扰动信号包括HF发射泵波及边带泵波、VLF人工源增强及频谱拓展、ULF/ELF/VLF调制波、ELF电磁扰动、ULF谐振波、等离子体特征参量扰动及高能粒子沉降等. 由于传播及耦合机制的差异, 发射泵波可以穿透电离层直达卫星高度, 其观测概率最高达到68%以上, 其他扰动受发射调制模式及当地电磁环境等影响,观测概率相对较低, 均在40%左右, 有些甚至是某次试验中出现的个别事例. 结合中国地震电磁监测试验卫星飞行轨道设计及载荷配置等,对未来开展加热试验进行了分析论证, 并参考DEMETER卫星试验结果给出了一些建议.      

Evaluation of Turbulence Models in Predicting Hypersonic and Subsonic Base Flows Using Grid Adaptation Techniques

The flows behind the base of a generic rocket, at both hypersonic and subsonic flow conditions, are numerically studied. The main concerns are addressed to the evaluation of turbulence models and the using of grid adaptation techniques. The investiga- tion focuses on two configurations, related to hypersonic and subsonic experiments. The applicability tests of different turbulence models are conducted on the level of two-equation models calculating the steady state solution of the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes(RANS) equations. All used models, the original Wilcox k-ω, the Menter shear-stress transport (SST) and the explicit algebraic Reynolds stress model(EARSM) formulation, predict an asymmetric base flow in both cases caused by the support of the models. A comparison with preliminary experimental results indicates a preference for the SST and EARSM results over the results from the older k-ω model. Sensitivity studies show no significant influence of the grid topology or the location of the laminar to turbulent transition on the base flow field, but a strong influence of even small angles of attack is reported from the related experiments.     

Advances in the Researches of the Middle and Upper Atmosphere in China in 2012–2014

In this report we summarize the research results by Chinese scientists in 2012–2014. The focuses are placed on the researches of the middle and upper atmosphere, specifically the researches related to ground-based observation capability development, dynamical processes, the property of circulation and chemistry-climate coupling of the middle atmospheric layers.     

RNP AR离场程序设计及实例分析

RNP AR飞行程序可有效避开地形、减小空域冲突、解决环境问题,提高飞行安全性、效率和空域容量.目前RNP AR设计规范中没有明确的RNP AR离场程序设计规范,但实际RNP AR运行中使用了RNP AR离场程序.本文考虑了ICAO 8168第二卷中一般离场程序原则并结合RNP AR运行特点,给出了RNP AR离场程序...     

Control of Lunar and Martian dust--experimental insights from artificial and natural cyanobacterial and algal crusts in the desert of Inner Mongolia, China

Studies on the colonization of environmentally extreme ground surfaces were conducted in a Mars-like desert area of Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China, with microalgae and cyanobacteria. We collected and mass-cultured cyanobacterial strains from these regions and investigated their ability to form desert crusts artificially. These crusts had the capacity to resist sand wind erosion after just 15 days of growth. Similar to the surface of some Chinese deserts, the surface of Mars is characterized by a layer of fine dust, which will challenge future human exploration activities, particularly in confined spaces that will include greenhouses and habitats. We discuss the use of such crusts for the local control of desert sands in enclosed spaces on Mars. These experiments suggest innovative new directions in the applied use of microbe-mineral interactions to advance the human exploration and settlement of space.     

基于海南VHF雷达观测的低纬E区场向不规则体研究

利用海南VHF雷达（19.5°N,109.1°E;磁纬8.1°N）在2011年7月15—22日期间的连续观测数据,对东亚低纬3m尺度电离层场向不规则体（FAI）特性进行了分析. 主要结果表明,在整个观测期间,E区场向不规则体几乎每天发生,既可发生于夜间,也可发生于白天,且存在各种不同结构. 根据E区场向不规则体发生的时间及形态,可将其分为三种结构类型:低部连续型结构、上部下降型结构以及白天连续型结构. 这些低纬E区场向不规则体的回波谱特性与赤道电集流（EEJ）和中纬区E区场向不规则体中的2型回波相类似,但其随时间的变化与后两者存在明显差异,且与其他低纬区E区场向不规则体回波存在不同程度的差异.      

海南VHF雷达观测到的低纬F区电离层场向不规则体事件分析

中国海南VHF雷达具有快速扫描观测及对电离层不规则体进行二维成像的能力.采用时间序列上的连续观测,可以获得场向不规则体发展变化的一系列二维空间图像.本文对海南VHF雷达2011年10月27日夜间观测到的电离层不规则体事件进行分析,主要结果表明,本次观测到的不规则体可分为三个阶段.在初步形成阶段,不规则体开始出现时非常微弱,发展变化很慢,主要表现为向上可扩展,持续时间约14min.在扩大增强阶段,不规则体快速向上并向两侧扩展,持续时间约14min;不规则体强度前期迅速增大,后期略有减弱,空间尺度达200km以上.在东漂离开阶段,不规则体强度进一步减弱,扩展面积达到最大,主要表现为东向漂移,持续时间近30min.这次观测首次给出了海南地区上空电离层不规则体的形成和发展过程.结合其他台站的观测进行对比分析发现,海南观测到的雷达羽与其他地区的雷达羽具有明显不同,海南地区的雷达羽特性及其对应的物理过程有待进一步观测研究.