Comparative metagenomics of two microbial mats at cuatro ciénegas basin I: ancient lessons on how to cope with an environment under severe nutrient stress

Abstract The Cuatro Ciénegas Basin (CCB) is an oasis in the desert of Mexico characterized by low phosphorus availability and by its great diversity of microbial mats. We compared the metagenomes of two aquatic microbial mats from the CCB with different nutrient limitations. We observed that the red mat was P-limited and dominated by Pseudomonas, while the green mat was N-limited and had higher species richness, with Proteobacteria and Cyanobacteria as the most abundant phyla. From their gene content, we deduced that both mats were very metabolically diverse despite their use of different strategies to cope with their respective environments. The red mat was found to be mostly heterotrophic, while the green mat was more autotrophic. The red mat had a higher number of transporters in general, including transporters of cellobiose and osmoprotectants. We suggest that generalists with plastic genomes dominate the red mat, while specialists with minimal genomes dominate the green mat. Nutrient limitation was a common scenario on the early planet; despite this, biogeochemical cycles were performed, and as a result the planet changed. The metagenomes of microbial mats from the CCB show the different strategies a community can use to cope with oligotrophy and persist. Key Words: Microbial mats-Metagenomics-Metabolism. Astrobiology 12, 648-658.     

实时OTF动态GPS系统定位结果

1988年,美国陆军工程部正式开始研究利用GPS载波相位的实时定位系统。该项研究的最终目标是在1993年做成一台实用样机,能实时获得厘米级的三维定位精度。这一目标实现了,1993年3月开始对样机进行测试。1993年8月进行了首次演示,10月进行了首次公开演示。该设备一般能在“动中”(OTF)15秒时间内分辨模糊整周数,不需要作静态初始化。任一相距20km左右的移动平台可利用该设备进行可靠而稳健的精密定位。在各种工作条件下作了试验,以评价动平台精密定位OTF解模糊的极限。本文总结了这些试验的结果。早期所作的实时试验证明三维方向的定位精度可达1—3cm。本文还介绍了最终实时系统的设计方案以及与水文监测平台的结合问题。     

EXPERIMENTS AND ANALYSIS OF HYSTERESIS OF VORTEX BREAKDOWN OVER PITCHING-UP DELTA WINGS

Thehigh-liftgenerationonapitching-upwingisbeneficialtothesupermaneuverofafighter.Flowvisualizationhasshownthatflowpatternsofpitching-updeltawingscomprisemaincharacteristicsofdynamicstall:evolutionofseparatedshearlayer,generation,develop-mentandbreakdownofleading-edgevortex,aswellashysteresis'ofvortexbreakdown.Whenadeltawingundergoespitching-up,thestallincidenceispostponedandthernaxi-mumliftcoefficientisenhanced.Theoreticalresearch[1]indicatesthatliftcomesmainlyfromthetimerateofchangeoffirstmom…     

西南航空公司为无票旅行者选择计算机联网

美国西南航空公司正在利用信息高速公路,以求进一步降低营运成本.到1995年底,该航空公司预计通过计算机联网,在其可进入联网的全航线系统中,实施无票旅行.现在,计算机的用户可以通过联网查询西南航空公司的票价和时刻表,但不能为自己安排无票旅行.据该公司负责售票自动化与商业开发的经理查尔斯·朱格称,今年年底这种状况将会改变.     

雷锡恩公司的价值工程计划

价值工程是在事实形成之前、之后,或在形成的过程中,用集体工作分析成本和工程的方法来辨别出不必要的成本费用.用这一系统的有效性要依靠对用户的训练和技能的了解,以及了解在价值工程运用环境中的所有有关业务人员.它把工程、制造和采购注意力集中到一个目标上去——以较低成本达到所需性能.以此为中心,它用下列方法提供逐步改进所有起作用的部门的成本有效性:防止不必要的成本进入产品中;将存在的成本问题转变成额外的利润.     

“兰花”(Orchidee)——制定中的战场监视系统研究计划

“兰花”是一种战场监视系统,法国陆军准备在九十年代使用它。 在制定该项研究计划时,采用了用于该系统空中部分的飞行验证飞机和地面部分的数字仿真技术。 本文叙述利用了这些设施后所进行的一些主要试验项目,以及得到的主要试验结果。     

Linear Shaped Charge Cutting Property and Charge Cutting Mechanism of Mg-Gd-Y-Zn Alloy

The linear shaped charge cutting technology is an effective technology for aircraft separation. It can separate invalid components from aircrafts timely to achieve light-weight. Magnesium alloy is the lightest metal material, and can be used to cast effective light-weight components of an aircraft construction. However, the application study of the linear shaped charge cutting technology on magnesium alloy components is basically blank. In response to the demand for the linear separation of magnesium alloys, the Mg-12Gd-0.5Y-0.4Zn alloy is selected to carry out the target shaped charge cutting test. The effects of the shaped charge line density, cutting thickness, and mechanical properties on the cutting performance of the alloy are studied. The shaped charge cutting mechanism is analyzed through the notch structure. The results show that the linear shaped charge cutting performance is significantly affected by the penetration and the collapse. The higher the linear density is, the stronger the ability of the linear shaped charge cutter is, and the greater the penetration depth is, which is advantageous. However, the target structure will be damaged when it is too large (e.g., 4.5 g?m-1). Within 12 mm, when the cutting thickness of the target increases, the penetration depth increases. The lower the tensile strength is, the greater the penetration depth is, and the more conducive the penetration depth to the shaped charge cutting is. When the elongation (EL) increases to 12%, the collapse of the target is incomplete and the target cannot be separated. When the tensile strength of the Mg-Gd-Y-Zn alloy is less than 350 MPa, the EL is less than 6.5%, the cutting thickness is less than 12 mm, and the linear shaped charge cutting of the magnesium alloy can be achieved stably.     

空间目标视星等曲线仿真

人类航天活动日益频繁，空间目标种类和数量不断增多，识别未知空间目标的关键特征具有重要的科学价值。本文通过辅助图形软件建模分割，获取球体、圆锥体和圆柱体带法向量的面元坐标；基于卫星仿真工具包，得到了目标轨道及位置参数，并结合双向反射分布函数各向异性Phong 模型和四元数姿态更新模型，完成了地基观测条件下4种形状空间目标的视星等仿真。仿真结果表明，目标受空间位置、形状和姿态的影响程度不同，其光度曲线具有各自特点。球体由于形状完全中心对称，光度曲线主要受空间位置的影响；圆锥体、正方体、圆柱体光度曲线的波形受形状影响较大，曲线走向受位置影响较大，波动频率受姿态角速率影响较大。通过统计分析相关数据，可为后续空间目标位置、姿态和形状的反演提供先验模型。